Euphorbia tithymaloides

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Christmas candle, devil's backbone, redbird cactus, et al.
Euphorbia tithymaloides.jpg
Green leaf var. of Euphorbia tithymaloides
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genus: Euphorbia
Species:
E. tithymaloides
Binomial name
Euphorbia tithymaloides
L.

Euphorbia tithymaloides is a perennial succulent spurge. [1] An erect shrub, [2] the plant is also known by the scientific name Pedilanthus tithymaloides. However, the genus Pedilanthus has been subsumed into the genus Euphorbia, and is more correctly known by its new name (Euphorbia tithymaloides). [3] [4]

Contents

Names

Euphorbia tithymaloides has a large number of household names used by gardeners and the public. Among them are redbird flower, [5] devil's-backbone, [6] redbird cactus, Jewbush, buck-thorn, cimora misha, Christmas candle, fiddle flower, ipecacuahana, Jacob's ladder, Japanese poinsettia, Jew's slipper, milk-hedge, myrtle-leaved spurge, Padus-leaved clipper plant, red slipper spurge, slipper flower, slipper plant, slipper spurge, timora misha, and zig-zag plant. [4] [7] [8] In other parts of the world, it is known as gin-ryu (Japan); pokok lipan and penawar lipan (Indonesia); airi, baire, and agia "rang chita" (Bengal),(India); aperejo (Yoruba); sapatinho do diabo (Brazil); ítamo real (Cuba and Puerto Rico); pantoufle (France); and zapatilla del diablo (Mexico). [9] [10]

Distribution and description

Euphorbia tithymaloides is native to tropical and subtropical North America and Central America. It prefers soil that is sandy, well-drained, and nutrient-rich, particularly with higher concentrations of boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc. [11] [12] It is relatively intolerant of high soil salinity levels, but exhibits saline tolerance if well fertilized. [12] The plant tends to be taller and have more biomass if it is well-watered. [12] The plant requires a sunny area to grow in. [11]

The shrub can grow to 1.8 to 2.4 metres (6 to 8 ft) in height and generally is about 45 to 60 cm (18 to 24 in) in width. [13] The leaf is a simple angiosperm leaf, arranged oppositely on the stem. [2] [13] Each leaf is sessile (attaching directly to the plant), and about 35 to 75 mm (1.4 to 3 in) in length. [2] [13] The leaves are glabrous (smooth) and acuminate in shape, with entire (smooth) edges. [2] [13] The veins in the leaves are pinnate. [2] [13]

The plant terminates in a dichotomous cyme, with a peduncle supporting each flower. [2] [13] The floral leaves are bifid (split in two parts) and ovate, while the involucral bracts are bright red, irregularly acuminate in shape (e.g., like a slipper), and about 1.1 to 1.3 mm (0.043 to 0.051 in) in length with a long, thin tube. [2] [13] The flower is void of scent. [14] The male pedicel is hairy, while the female is glabrous. [13] The seed pod is about 7.5 mm (0.30 in) long and 9 mm (0.35 in) wide, and ovoid in shape (with truncated ends). [13]

The plant generally flowers in mid-spring. [2]

Taxonomy

There are several recognized subspecies. These include: [3] [15]

Subspecies are usually identifiable by their leaves, which come in several types such as laurel-like and variegated and which can be tinged with white or red. [11] [14]

Status as a ring species

In 2012, Cacho and Baum showed that Euphorbia tithymaloides is a ring species, the first example known among the plants. [16] It has reproduced and evolved, spreading in a forked pattern along either side of the Caribbean basin, through Central America and the Caribbean, and meeting again in the Virgin Islands, where the two fronts there reunited appear to be morphologically and ecologically distinct.

Garden and house use

Euphorbia tithymaloides was introduced as a garden plant prior to 1688. [17] The first record of it growing in a garden was in Amsterdam. [17] It is primarily used as an outdoor garden border plant, [10] but certain varieties do well indoors. [11] Because of the plant's toxicity, gardeners are cautioned to wear goggles, gloves, long-sleeved shirts, and long pants. [18] Propagation may be by seed or cutting. Cuttings should be made above a joint, be 5 to 6 inches (13 to 15 cm) long, and planted in sandy, nutrient-rich soil and allowed to root before planting. [14] Cuttings should be made in March – April or June – July, and from the middle or top of the main stem. [19]

Hummingbirds are attracted to the plant's flowers. [18] Cabbage worms are particularly fond of the plant's leaves.

Municipalities have planted Euphorbia tithymaloides in landfills, toxic waste sites, and along roadsides because it is one of the few plants which can thrive in these more difficult environments. [10] [12]

Toxicity

The roots, stems, and leaves of the plant are known to be toxic. [4] [18] These parts of the plant contain euphorbol (a complex terpene) and other diterpene esters. [4] [18] These are also known carcinogens. [4] [18] The plant's leaves and stems also contain beta-sitosterol, cycloartenone, octacosanol, and oxime, all of which have known medicinal as well as toxic properties. [20]

Even minor amounts (a few drops) of the juice of the Euphorbia tithymaloides root can irritate mucosal membranes. [18] When ingested, the irritation of the mucosal membranes of the stomach and intestines will cause nausea and vomiting. [4] [18] Topical application causes skin irritation, inflammation, and even blisters. [4] [18] If introduced topically to the eye, severe pain, keratoconjunctivitis, and reduced visual acuity occur. [4] [18] Ingesting even a few seeds can cause violent and persistent vomiting and extreme diarrhea. [18]

If latex or root juice gets on the skin, the victim should immediately wash with soap and warm water. [18] If latex or juice gets in the eye, continuous rinsing with fresh water should be the first course of action. [18] Topical steroids are indicated for skin or eye contact. [18] Intravenous fluids are often administered to counteract the fluid loss due to vomiting and diarrhea. [18]

Medicinal usage

The root is known to be a powerful emetic. [2] [18] A proteolytic enzyme known as pedilanthain can be extracted from the plant's latex, and has been shown in experiments to be effective against intestinal worms and to reduce inflammation when ingested. [18] [20] In 1995, a galactose-specific lectin was purified from the plant's latex, and indications are that it might be useful in combatting diabetes mellitus. [21]

In folk medicine, tea has been brewed from the leaves which has been used to treat asthma, persistent coughing, laryngitis, mouth ulcers, and venereal disease. [18] Tea brewed from the root has been used as an abortifacient. [18] The latex has been used topically to treat calluses, ear ache, insect stings, ringworm, skin cancer, toothache, umbilical hernias, and warts. [18] None of these uses has been scientifically verified as effective. [18] In the West Indies, a few drops of the latex is added to milk and used as an emetic. [4]

Other uses

In Peru, the plant is known as "cimora misha", "timora misha", or "planta magica". It is sometimes added to drinks made from mescaline-containing Trichocereus cacti (although Euphorbia tithymaloides has no known psychoactive properties). [22] In Bengal, India, the species has been known as "rang chita". [23]

The fast-growing nature of the plant, coupled with its ability to grow in relatively toxic soils, had led scientists in India to investigate its usefulness as a "petrocrop", a plant which could yield biofuel compounds for internal combustion engines. [12] [24]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Poinsettia</span> Species of flowering plant in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae

The poinsettia is a commercially important flowering plant species of the diverse spurge family Euphorbiaceae. Indigenous to Mexico and Central America, the poinsettia was first described by Europeans in 1834. It is particularly well known for its red and green foliage and is widely used in Christmas floral displays. It derives its common English name from Joel Roberts Poinsett, the first United States minister to Mexico, who is credited with introducing the plant to the US in the 1820s. Poinsettias are shrubs or small trees, with heights of 0.6 to 4 m. Though often stated to be highly toxic, the poinsettia is not dangerous to pets or children. Exposure to the plant, even consumption, most often results in no effect, though it can cause nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.

<i>Euphorbia esula</i> Species of plant

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<i>Euphorbia heterophylla</i> Species of plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, native to tropical and subtropical America

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<i>Euphorbia helioscopia</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Euphorbia amygdaloides</i> Flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia amygdaloides, the wood spurge, is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae, native to woodland locations in Europe, Turkey and the Caucasus. It is a bushy evergreen perennial, growing to a height of 80 cm (31 in), with dark green slightly hairy leaves about 6 cm (2 in) long. The complex green-yellow inflorescence (cyathium), typical of Euphorbia, appears in late spring and early summer.

<i>Euphorbia cupularis</i> Species of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia cupularis, referred to by the common name dead-man's tree is a succulent tree or shrub of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It is found in South Africa and Eswatini.

<i>Euphorbia arbuscula</i> Species of plant

Euphorbia arbuscula is a species of plant in the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). It is endemic to the archipelago of Socotra in Yemen. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.

<i>Euphorbia candelabrum</i> Species of flowering plant

Euphorbia candelabrum is a succulent species of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae, one of several plants commonly known as candelabra tree. It is endemic to the Horn of Africa and eastern Africa along the East African Rift system. It is known in Ethiopia by its Amharic name, qwolqwal, or its Oromo name, adaamii. It is closely related to three other species of Euphorbia: Euphorbia ingens in the dry regions of southern Africa, Euphorbia conspicua from western Angola, and Euphorbia abyssinica, which is native to countries including Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Somalia.

<i>Euphorbia corollata</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Euphorbia canariensis</i> Species of flowering plant in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia canariensis, commonly known as the Canary Island spurge, Hercules club or in Spanish cardón, is a succulent member of the genus Euphorbia and family Euphorbiaceae endemic to the Canary Islands. It is the plant symbol of the island of Gran Canaria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Euphorbiaceae</span> Family of Eudicot flowering plants

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<i>Euphorbia dendroides</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Euphorbia royleana</i> Species of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia royleana is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It is also known as Sullu spurge, and Royle's spurge. It is a succulent and almost cactus like in appearance although unrelated. It grows right across the Himalaya mountains from Pakistan, India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal to western China. It prefers dry and rocky slopes between 1000 and 1500 meters, but has been found up to 2000 meters. Flowering and fruiting is in spring to early summer (March–July) and seeding is in June–October. It is used as a hedging plant in northern India and has medicinal uses.

<i>Euphorbia abyssinica</i> Species of flowering plant

Euphorbia abyssinica, commonly known as the desert candle or candelabra spurge, is a species of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. E. abyssinica is endemic to Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan and Eritrea. It was first described in 1791, by the German botanist Johann Friedrich Gmelin. In its native habitat, it can grow up to 10 m (33 ft) tall. The woody stem is used for firewood and as timber in roofing, furniture and other items, and the sap is used in traditional medicine. It is also cultivated as an ornamental house plant.

<i>Stellera</i> Genus of flowering plants

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<i>Euphorbia sieboldiana</i> Species of flowering plant

Euphorbia sieboldiana, the Siebold's spurge, is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae. It is native to eastern Asia, where it is found in China, Japan, Korea, and eastern Russia. Its natural habitat is in grassy areas and forest margins. It is a common species in Japan.

<i>Euphorbia mesembryanthemifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

Euphorbia mesembryanthemifolia, commonly called seaside spurge, is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). It is native to the Western Hemisphere, where it is found in coastal areas from Florida in the United States south to Colombia and Venezuela, as well as in Bermuda and the Caribbean. Its natural habitat is on beaches and rocky shores.

<i>Euphorbia hypericifolia</i> Species of spurge

Euphorbia hypericifolia is a species of perennial herb in the genus Euphorbia native to tropical Americas. It normally grows up to 2 feet (0.6 m) in height, and contains milky sap which can cause skin and eye irritation.

References

  1. ↑ Sajeva and Costanzo, Succulents: The Illustrated Dictionary, 1994, p. 185.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Vardhana, Direct Uses of Medicinal Plants and Their Identification, 2008, p. 261.
  3. 1 2 Steinmann, "The Submersion of Pedilanthus into Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae)," Acta Botanica Mexicana, 2003, p. 45.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Spoerke and Smolinske, Toxicity of Houseplants, 1990, p. 181.
  5. ↑ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Pedilanthus tithymaloides". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  6. ↑ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  7. ↑ Nellis, Poisonous Plants and Animals of Florida and the Caribbean, 1997, p. 182-183.
  8. ↑ Balfour, Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia Commercial, Industrial and Scientific..., 1873, p. 77; Strong, The American Flora: Or History of Plants and Wild Flowers, 1850, p. 126; Datta, Systematic Botany, 1988, p. 321.
  9. ↑ Quattrocchi, CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, and Etymology, 1990, p. 1987; Torkelson, The Cross Name Index to Medicinal Plants: Common Names, M-Z, 1996, p. 716.
  10. 1 2 3 Liogier and Martorell, Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: A Systematic Synopsis, 2000, p. 105.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Pienaar, The South African "What Flower Is That?", 2000, p. 253.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Neumann, Kumar, and Sopory, Recent Advances in Plant Biotechnology and Its Applications, 2008, p. 354.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Millspaugh and Hamet, The Genera "Pedilanthus" and "Cubanthus," and Other American "Euphorbiaceae", 1913, p. 355.
  14. 1 2 3 Strong, The American Flora: Or History of Plants and Wild Flowers, 1850, p. 127.
  15. ↑ "Euphorbia tithymaloides L." Encyclopedia of Life. 2010. Accessed 2010–08–29.
  16. ↑ Cacho & Baum (2012) "The Caribbean slipper spurge Euphorbia tithymaloides: the first example of a ring species in plants", Proceedings of the Royal Society B
  17. 1 2 Wijnands, The Botany of the Commelins, 1983, p. 105.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Nellis, Poisonous Plants and Animals of Florida and the Caribbean, 1997, p. 182.
  19. ↑ Neumann, Kumar, and Sopory, Recent Advances in Plant Biotechnology and Its Applications, 2008, p. 352.
  20. 1 2 Khare, Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary, 2007, p. 469.
  21. ↑ Van Damme, Handbook of Plant Lectins: Properties and Biomedical Applications, 1998, p. 211; Nagda and Deshmukh, "Hemagglutination Pattern of Galactose Specific Lectin From Pedilanthus tithymaloides in Diabetes Mellitus," Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 1998, 426-428.
  22. ↑ Anderson, The Cactus Family, 2001, p. 49.
  23. ↑ Kumudranjan Naskar, Plant Wealth of the Lower Ganga Delta: An Eco-taxonomical Approach, Volume2,p. 589.
  24. ↑ Chandra and Kehri, Biotechnology of "Va mycorrhiza": Indian Scenario, 2006, p. 268.

Bibliography

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