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Invisible churches among enslaved African Americans in the United States were informal Christian groups where enslaved people listened to preachers that they chose without their slaveholder's knowledge. The Invisible churches taught a different message from white-controlled churches and did not emphasize obedience. Some slaves could not contact invisible churches and others did not agree with an invisible church's message but many slaves were comforted by the invisible churches.
Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States is a collection of histories by formerly enslaved people undertaken by the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration from 1936 to 1938. It was the simultaneous effort of state-level branches of FWP in seventeen states, working largely separately from each other. FWP administrators sought to develop a new appreciation for the elements of American life from different backgrounds, including that from the last generation of formerly enslaved individuals. The collections of life histories and materials on African American life that resulted gave impetus to the collection.
The Identity Question: Blacks and Jews in Europe and America, by Robert Philipson, is a diasporic study of Black and Jewish consciousness in Europe and America throughout history. The book is separated into three parts, exploring different historical and philosophical perspectives on race over time.
References
- 1 2 Albert J. Raboteau. A Fire in the Bones: Reflections on African-American Religious History (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995), 31.
- ↑ Judith W. Kay. “The Exodus and Racism: Paradoxes for Jewish Liberation”, Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Fall/Winter 2008):5
- ↑ Albert J. Raboteau. Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 128.
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