| Expedition to Mostaganem (1547) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Ottoman-Habsburg wars | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Regency of Algiers |  Spanish Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Hasan Pasha | Count Alcaudete  Martín de Córdoba Luis de Rueda | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
| Garrison: 42 men | Unknown | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | Heavy | ||||||
The Expedition to Mostaganem of 1547 was a failed Spanish expedition mounted against Mostaganem by the Spanish forces of Count Alcaudete.
In 1547, Count Alcaudete set out to capture Mostaganem. He had his son, Martin, join him. On August 21, the Spanish army arrived at Mazagran in morning and captured it without resistance. On the same day, in the evening, the Spanish arrived at Mostaganem's outskirts and bombarded the city with 100 cannon shots. The Spanish learned through prisoners that the city was garrisoned by 42 Ottoman soldiers. Seeing the gunpowder was running out, he dispatched to Oran to provide more, allowing the garrison to receive more reinforcements, bringing with them a large number of native Algerians. [1] [2]
The Bombardment caused a large breach and on 27th, the count ordered an assault. The Spanish troops assaulted the walls, and the Ottomans retired, but when they saw the disorder in the Spanish ranks, the Ottomans returned fire, killing many of the Spanish troops, including their general Mestre de camp. The Spanish began retreating, but they were chased by the garrison, which began putting swords on them. The count, seeing the terrible casualties, ordered a retreat. The garrison then chased the Spanish and almost captured their batteries. The attack caused confusion in their ranks, and by nightfall, the Spanish officers suggested retreating by sea, but the count refused. [3] [4]
On the evening of the next day, the Ottoman and the Algerians attacked the Spanish; however, thanks to the composure of the count, his son, and Luis de Rueda, they were able to repel the attack and force them to retreat; however, the Spanish did not have enough cavalry to chase them, had they had enough cavalry, they would've been able to capture Mostaganem. The Spanish evacuated their wounded and sick on ships, and the count returned to Oran three days later. [5] [6]
The failure of the expedition were caused by improper preparations, shortage of ammunition, a lack of knowledge regarding enemy, and lack of experience among the soldiers. The count did not give up on taking Mostaganem. [7] Another expedition was dispatched in 1558 but it would end in a fiasco for the Spanish troops.
The Battle of Gravelines was fought on 13 July 1558 at Gravelines, near Calais, France. It occurred during the twelve-year war between France and Spain (1547–1559).
The Regency of Algiers was a largely independent tributary state of the Ottoman Empire during the early modern period, located on the Barbary Coast of North Africa from 1516 to 1830. Founded by the corsair brothers Aruj and Hayreddin Barbarossa, the Regency was a formidable pirate base infamous for its corsairs. First ruled by Ottoman regents, it later became a sovereign military republic that plundered and waged maritime holy war against European Christian powers.
Aruj Barbarossa, known as Oruç Reis to the Turks, was an Ottoman corsair who became Sultan of Algiers. The elder brother of the famous Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa, he was born on the Ottoman island of Midilli and died in battle against the Spanish at Tlemcen.
The Battle of Isly was fought on August 14, 1844 between France and Morocco, near the Isly River. French forces under Marshal Thomas Robert Bugeaud routed a much larger, but poorly organized, Moroccan force, mainly fighters from the tribes of Beni Snassen, but also from the Beni Angad and Beni Oukil; under Muhammad, son of the Sultan of Morocco, Abd al-Rahman. Bugeaud, attempting to complete the French conquest of Algeria, instigated the battle without a declaration of war in order to force negotiations concerning Moroccan support for the Algerian resistance leader Abd el-Kader to conclude on terms favorable to the French who demanded the Sultan of Morocco to withdraw support for Abd el-Kader.
The French conquest of Algeria took place between 1830 and 1903. In 1827, an argument between Hussein Dey, the ruler of the Regency of Algiers, and the French consul escalated into a blockade, following which the July Monarchy of France invaded and quickly seized Algiers in 1830, and seized other coastal communities. Amid internal political strife in France, decisions were repeatedly taken to retain control of the territory, and additional military forces were brought in over the following years to quell resistance in the interior of the country.
The 1541 Algiers expedition occurred when Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and king of Spain attempted to lead an amphibious attack against the Regency of Algiers, in modern Algeria. Inadequate planning, particularly against unfavourable weather, led to the failure of the expedition.
Between April and June 1563 the Regency of Algiers launched a major military campaign to retake the Spanish military-bases of Oran and Mers el Kébir on the North African coast, occupied by Spain since 1505. The sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir of 1563 represented a major Hispano-Algerian episode in the larger Ottoman-Habsburg wars of the Mediterranean. The Kingdom of Algiers, the Principalities of Kabyle, and other vassal tribes combined forces as one army under Hasan Pasha, son of Hayreddin Barbarossa, and Jafar Catania. The Spanish commander brothers, Alonso de Córdoba Count of Alcaudete and Martín de Córdoba, managed to hold the strongholds of Oran and Mers El Kébir, respectively, until the relief fleet of Francisco de Mendoza arrived to successfully defeat the offensive.
The Expedition of Mostaganem occurred in 1558, when Spanish forces attempted to capture the city of Mostaganem. The expedition was supposed to be a decisive step in the conquest of the Ottoman base of Algiers, but it ended in failure, and has been called a "disaster".
Hasan Pasha was the son of Hayreddin Barbarossa and three-times Beylerbey of the Regency of Algiers. His mother was a Moorish woman from Algiers. He succeeded his father as ruler of Algiers, and replaced Barbarossa's deputy Hasan Agha, who had been effectively holding the position of ruler of Algiers since 1533.
The Battle of Wadi al-Laban occurred in March–April 1558 between Saadians and Ottoman Algerian forces under Hasan Pasha, the son of Hayreddin Barbarossa. It took place north of Fes, at Wadi al-Laban, an affluent of the Sebou River, one day north of Fes.
The capture of Algiers in 1516 was accomplished by the brothers Oruç and Hayreddin Barbarossa against Sālim al-Tūmī, the ruler of the city of Algiers, which was followed by an unsuccessful military campaign by the Spanish Empire and the Sheikh of Ténès to overthrow the newly formed Sultanate of Algiers.
Turkey–Morocco relations are the foreign relations between Morocco and Turkey, and spanned a period of several centuries, from the early 16th century when the Ottoman Empire neighbored Morocco to until modern times.
Martín Alonso Fernández de Córdoba Montemayor y Velasco was a Spanish nobleman, first Count of Alcaudete, Viceroy of Navarra, and governor of Oran.
The Spanish conquest of Oran and Mers el-Kebir took place from 15 June to 2 July 1732, between the Kingdom of Spain and the Deylik of Algiers. The great Spanish expedition led by Don José Carrillo de Albornoz, Duke of Montemar and Don Francisco Javier Cornejo defeated the Algerian troops under the command of the Bey of the Beylik of Oran, Mustapha Bouchelaghem, and the Wali of Oran, Hassan. It successfully conquered the fortress-cities of Oran and Mers el-Kebir, ruled and administered by Algiers from 1708, during the War of the Spanish Succession, when both cities were conquered by the aforementioned Bouchelaghem, who was the governor of the western regions of Algiers.
The Campaign of Tlemcen or Tlemcen campaign was a military operation led by the Saadians of Mohammed ash-Sheikh against Tlemcen in 1557, then under the domination of the Regency of Algiers, a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. Mohammed ash-Sheikh, who wanted to conquer Algeria, occupied the city but failed to seize the Mechouar Palace, which was defended by a garrison of 500 men under the command of Caïd Saffa.
The Campaign of Tlemcen (1551) was a military operation led by the Regency of Algiers under Hasan Pasha and his ally Abdelaziz, following the capture of Tlemcen by the Saadi Sultanate in June 1550.
Mustapha Bouchelaghem, also known as Bey Bouchelaghem was the Bey of the Western Beylik from 1686 to 1734/37.
The Expedition to Mostaganem of 1543 was a failed expedition against the Algerian city of Mostaganem by the Spanish forces of Count Alcaudete.
The Battle of Oued Zadidja occurred in 1551 after the Saadians violated an alliance with the Regency of Algiers, the Saadians were defeated and their leader was killed.
Alfonso de Córdoba y Velasco was a Spanish nobleman, II Count of Alcaudete, Viceroy of Navarra, and governor of Oran.