Su Excelencia Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda | |
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| Field Marshal of the Spanish Empire | |
| In office August 9, 1717 –October 11, 1719 | |
| Preceded by | Martín de Urzua y Arismendi |
| Succeeded by | Francisco de la Cuesta |
Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda (died 1719) served as the 37th Governor-General of the Captaincy General of the Philippines from 1717 until his assassination.
Usually called mariscal (marshal) as he was the first field marshal to govern the Islands,Bustamante was the former alcalde mayor of Trascala,in Nueva España (modern-day Mexico). He was appointed governor by royal provision on September 6,1708 and arrived at Manila on August 9,1717.
Considered severe in judgments,Bustamante was also responsible for re-establishing the garrison in Zamboanga in 1718.
Several individuals with pending charges had taken church asylum. Bustamante adopted very stringent measures to counteract excessive claims to immunity by Archbishop of Manila Francisco de la Cuesta. Archbishop De la Cuesta was appealed to either hand them over to the civil authorities or allow them to be taken. He refused to do either,supporting the claim of immunity of sanctuary. At the same time it came to the knowledge of the governor that a movement had been set on foot against him by those citizens who favoured the Archbishopʼs views.
JoséTorralba,the late acting-governor,was released from confinement by the governor,and reinstated by him as judge in the Supreme Court,although he was under an accusation of embezzlement to the extent of ₱700,000. The Archbishop energetically opposed Torralba's appointment,notifying the latter of his excommunication and ecclesiastical censures. With sword and shield in hand,Torralba expelled the Archbishopʼs messenger by force,then as judge in the Supreme Court,hastened to avenge himself by issuing warrants against his enemies. Torralba's opponents sought church asylum,and,with the moral support of the Archbishop,laughed at the clown. [1] [2]
Tensions climaxed when the governor's soldiers stormed Manila Cathedral,thereby violating the right of sanctuary. The violation was due to the governor's orders to recover the government inventories and official records held by a notary public who was then taking refuge in the Cathedral. Upon consultation with the Archbishop,Dominican canon law experts from the Real Universidad de Santo Tomás declared that "under no circumstances or conditions could civil authorities exercise jurisdiction within sacred places,even under the orders of the governor and of the audiencia. [3] [4]
The series of troubles with ecclesiastical authorities led to the arrest and imprisonment of Archbishop De la Cuesta,along with the Dominican friars and other clerics in league with the Archbishop. [5] [6]
In reaction to the Archbishop's imprisonment and to the government's total disregard of the church as a sanctuary,a mob of the Archbishop's supporters stormed the Palacio del Gobernador and killed Governor Bustamante. Archbishop De la Cuesta was released from prison and appointed acting Governor-General. [7]
Félix Resurrección Hidalgo's The Assassination of Governor Bustamante at the National Art Gallery of the National Museum depicts the incident,showing a mob of Dominican friars dragging the governor down the Palacio's staircase.
However,according to Spanish historian,theologian,and former archivist at the a University of Santo Tomás Fr Fidel Villarroel,Ph.D.,Hidalgo was misled by some advisers to wrongly portray the Spanish missionaries as the promoters of the murder. Antonio Regidor,a Freemason noted for his anticlerical sentiments,was the painter's adviser. Villarroel goes further by concluding that all the friars were far away from the scene at the moment of the assassination,imprisoned together with the Archbishop. [8]
Lorenzo Ruiz,also called Saint Lorenzo of Manila,is a Filipino saint venerated in the Catholic Church. A Chinese Filipino,he became his country's protomartyr after his execution in Japan by the Tokugawa Shogunate during its persecution of Japanese Christians in the 17th century.
The University of Santo Tomas (UST),officially the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas,Manila,is a private,Catholic research university in Manila,Philippines. Founded on April 28,1611,by Spanish friar Miguel de Benavides,third Archbishop of Manila,it has the oldest extant university charter in Asia and is one of the world's largest Catholic universities in terms of enrollment found on one campus. It is the main campus of the University of Santo Tomas System that is run by the Order of Preachers.
Domingo Ibáñez de Erquicia,OP was a Spanish Dominican priest and missionary. After teaching at the Colegio de Santo Tomas in Manila,he went to Japan in 1623,where he ministered incognito to the Catholic community for about ten years. Betrayed by an apostate,he was captured and executed. His feast day is 28 September.
The Thomasian Martyrs were the Dominican Catholic priests who became administrators,professors,or students in the University of Santo Tomas,Manila. All of them gave up their lives for their Christian faith,some in Japan,others in Vietnam,and in the 20th century,in Spain during the Spanish Civil War. Lorenzo Ruiz de Manila was among the lay companions of the Thomasian martyrs of Japan.
The University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery (USTFMS) is the medical school of the University of Santo Tomas,the oldest and largest Catholic university in Manila,Philippines.
Guillaume Courtet,OP (1589–1637) was a French Dominican priest who has been described as the first Frenchman to have visited Japan. He was martyred in 1637 and canonized in 1987.
The University of Santo Tomas–Legazpi,also referred to by its acronym UST–Legazpi or USTL,is a private,Catholic basic and higher education institution run and owned by the Philippine Dominican Province of the Order of Preachers (OP) in Legazpi City,Philippines It was founded by Buenaventura de Erquiaga in 1948 and named Legazpi Junior Colleges.
The University of Santo Tomas is one of the oldest existing universities and holds the oldest extant university charter in the Philippines and in Asia. It was founded on April 28,1611,by the third Archbishop of Manila,Miguel de Benavides,together with Frs. Domingo de Nieva and Bernardo de Santa Catalina. It was originally conceived as a school to prepare young men for the priesthood. Located Intramuros,it was first called Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario and later renamed Colegio de Santo Tomás in memory of Dominican theologian Saint Thomas Aquinas. In 1624,the Colegio was authorized to confer academic degrees in theology,philosophy and arts. On November 20,1645 Pope Innocent X elevated the college to the rank of a university and in 1680 it was placed under royal patronage.
Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitán,commonly known as Marcelo H. del Pilar and also known by his pen name Pláridel,was a Filipino writer,lawyer,journalist,and freemason. Del Pilar,along with JoséRizal and Graciano López Jaena,became known as the leaders of the Reform Movement in Spain.
Francisco de la Cuesta,O.S.H. was the 12th Archbishop of Manila from 1707 to 1722,and Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines from 1719 to 1721.
During the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines (1521–1898),the different cultures of the archipelago experienced a gradual unification from a variety of native Asian and Islamic customs and traditions,including animist religious practices,to what is known today as Filipino culture,a unique hybrid of Southeast Asian and Western culture,namely Spanish,including the Spanish language and the Catholic faith.
The Colegio de San Ildefonso was an educational institution run by the Society of Jesus in Cebu City,Philippines in the then Spanish Captaincy General of the Philippines. It was established by the Jesuits in 1595 thus making it the first European-founded educational institution in Asia. In Mexico City,the Jesuits had founded a college with the same name in 1588. The Cebu City college was established by Fr. Antonio Sedeño,Fr. Pedro Chirino,and Antonio Pereira of the Society of Jesus in August 1595. After the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spanish territories in 1767,the buildings and facilities were taken over by the Diocese of Cebu,then by the Congregation of the Mission,and later by the Society of the Divine Word.
Juan de Arechederra,O. P. was a Venezuelan friar and member of the Dominican Order who served as the Rector of the University of Santo Tomas from 1735 to 1737 and from 1743 to 1745 and Bishop-elect of Nueva Segovia from 1745 and in turn,the Bishop from 1750 until his death in 1751. In Philippine history,he is best remembered as being the Governor-General from 1745 to 1750 who baptized Alimuddin I,the only Catholic Sultan of Sulu.
Fidel Villarroel was a Spanish historian,writer,filipinologist,biographer,political commentator,Master Theologian of the Dominican Order,and member of the Order of Isabella the Catholic. A recipient of the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice,he is the former Archivist,Spanish Department Director,Prefect of Libraries,and professor at the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas. He had also served as secretary to the Apostolic Nunciature for 32 years(1959–1991),and is currently an academic director of the prestigious Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española,the local branch of the renowned Real Academia Española based in Madrid,Spain,and part of the Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española.
This is a timeline of the history of the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas,the oldest university in Asia,comprising important events of the history of the university and of the development of Philippine higher education in general. To read about the background to these events,see History of the University of Santo Tomas. See also the history of the Rector Magnificus of the University of Santo Tomas,and the Santo Tomas Internment Camp
Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary —La Naval de Manila (Spanish:Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario - La Naval de Manila;Tagalog:Mahal na Ina ng Santo Rosaryo ng La Naval de Manila;is a venerated title of the Blessed Virgin Mary associated with the same image in the Philippines.
JoséTorralba Rios (1653-1726) was a Spanish oidor and licentiate who served as the 36th Governor-General of the Philippines. He is the eighth Governor-General of the Philippines from the Real Audiencia of Manila.
The oldest universities,colleges,vocational schools and the first modern public education system in Asia were created during the Spanish colonial period. The earliest schools were founded by Spanish Catholic missionaries. By the time Spain was replaced by the United States as the colonial power,Filipinos were among the most educated subjects in all of Asia. Of the many educational institutions established during the colonial era,only a few remain extant today,such as the University of Santo Tomas (1611),Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1620),Real Colegio de Santa Potenciana (1590),Universidad de San Ignacio (1590),Colegio de San Ildefonso (1595),Santa Isabel College Manila (1632),and the Universidad de San Felipe de Austria (1640),among others.
Villarroel, Fidel (2012). A History of the University of Santo Tomas: Four Centuries of Higher Education in the Philippines (1611-2011).
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