Flight shame

Last updated

An A320 of Air Sweden Air Sweden Airbus A320 Pesonen.jpg
An A320 of Air Sweden

Flight shame or flygskam is an anti-flying social movement, with the aim of reducing the environmental impact of aviation. Flight shame refers to an individual's uneasiness over engaging in consumption that is energy-intense and climatically problematic. It also reflects on air travelers as people involved in socially undesirable activities, and adaptive behaviour as described in the related Swedish term smygflyga. [1] It started in 2018 in Sweden and gained traction the following year throughout northern Europe. [2] Flygskam is a Swedish word that literally means "flight shame". [2] The movement discourages people from flying to lower carbon emissions to thwart climate change. [2]

Contents

Origins

Staffan Lindberg  [ sv ], a Swedish singer, was reported to have coined the term in 2017. [3] [4] Björn Ferry, an Olympic athlete, was also one of the first notable champions of the concept. [2] Malena Ernman, an opera singer and the mother of teenage activist Greta Thunberg, also announced publicly that she would stop flying. [2] Thunberg helped popularize the movement. [5] [6] [7] The idea would continue to grow as other Swedish celebrities followed suit. [2] Maja Rosén in 2018 started the We Stay on the Ground movement in Sweden. The group pledges to give up flying for a year once 100,000 people in a given country commit to do the same. [8] The word started to become mainstream amongst English speakers in 2019. [5]

Tågskryt

Tågskryt, a Swedish word that literally means "train brag", has resulted from the flygskam movement. [2] This idea encourages people to travel by train rather than by airliner. [2] Furthermore, it encourages people to utilize social media by posting pictures from their train trip and tagging it #tågskryt. [2]

Att smygflyga, which means "to fly in secret", is also another term that has been derived from the flygskam movement. [6]

Impact

About 2.5 percent of global human carbon emissions come from commercial flights. [2] [5] Additionally, planes emit other gases such as nitrogen oxide and water vapour as contrails that also have an environmental impact. [5] When the flight shame movement started, the volume of flights was projected to expand, although the aviation industry was taking steps to decrease their emissions. [2]

Individual decisions

While reducing aviation emissions on a global scale requires policy changes because they reflect regulatory and business failures to address the climate crisis, individuals have supported this idea by reducing the carbon footprint of their travel and serving as influencers, voters, and social movement participants to pressure governments and businesses into action. [9]

In Sweden, train use has increased, while domestic flying has decreased. [2] [5] SJ, Sweden's main train operator, reported that it sold 1.5 million more tickets in 2018 than the year prior. [6] According to Swedavia, Sweden's airport operators, domestic travel decreased 9% from the previous year. [4] Passenger numbers at Sweden's ten busiest airports decreased 5% in the summer of 2019, compared to the year prior. [10]

The same pattern was seen in Germany. Deutsche Bahn AG railway service reported a record high number of travelers in 2019. [6] German airports showed a decrease in passengers taking domestic flights, down 12% from November 2019, compared to the year prior. [7]

In a 2019 survey of 6,000 people by the Swiss bank UBS, 21% of respondents in the United States, France, England and Germany said they flew less in the past year. [3] [11]

This pattern has so far not been observed in the Netherlands. A 2019 survey by NBTC-Nipo Research showed that almost 60% of Dutch people (a percentage that has barely changed in 10 years) stated they found it important to factor in sustainability when planning a holiday, but 5% more planned to fly to their destination in the future than in 2019. [12] [ better source needed ] A 2020 survey by NBTC-Nipo Research showed the situation had further exacerbated: out of a total of 39.9 million holidays, the Dutch made 10.1 million holiday flights (a 3% increase) and 10 million holiday car trips in 2019 (a 3% decrease), meaning flying holidays outnumbered driving holidays for the first time in Dutch history. [13] [ better source needed ]

Similarly, flight shame has not been a factor in Belgium either, where a new record of 35 million passengers departed or arrived by plane in 2019. However, it is not clear whether this implied an increase in pollution. For example, Brussels Airport reported a 0.5% decrease in the number of flights, despite a 2.5% increase in passengers, suggesting many of the planes were simply flying more full, than in 2018. [14] [ better source needed ]

Some U.S. airline executives were concerned that flight shame popularised by Greta Thunberg could play a role as global air travel growth slowed to 4% in 2019, down from an average of 5% per year over the previous decade. [15]

Flight shame tends to occur mostly when surrounded by others who feel strongly about the ecological impacts that flying has. It is then dependent on one's social environment and how obligated one feels to justify their decisions to those who feel morally obligated to follow what others are doing. If the goal is to avoid judgment, then the number of those who enact flight shame will appear more passionate about the topic. Similarly, flight shame occurs most often on vacation travel than other types of travel. [16]

Short-haul flight bans

By 2019, the flight shame movement had inspired dozens of organisations, including universities and businesses such as Klarna Bank AB, across Europe to impose short-haul flight bans on their employees, as well as discouraging long-haul flights. [17]

Industry response

The airline industry has recognized the movement as a threat to its business interests. [5] In 2019, at the annual International Air Transport Association (IATA) in Seoul, combating flygskam was discussed. [2] Some airlines, such as easyJet, stated they would spend tens of millions of British Pounds to buy carbon offsets. [5]

COVID-19 pandemic

By April 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had caused global air travel numbers to plummet, as airlines cut up to 95% of their trips, dwarfing the impact of the flygskam movement. [18] Prithwiraj Choudhury of the Harvard Business School and Jillian Anable of the University of Leeds consider that many aviation crisis adaptions made during the pandemic could lead to lasting behavioural changes after it ends, and that flying could be unlikely to return to business as usual, in order to address climate change. [18]

Public debate

Individual carbon footprint reductions for various actions Wynes Nicholas CO2 emissions savings.svg
Individual carbon footprint reductions for various actions

The 2009 German short video The Bill, created by Germanwatch, explores how travel and its impacts are commonly viewed in everyday developed-world life, and the social pressures that are at play. [19]

British writer George Marshall has investigated common rationalisations that act as barriers to making the personal choice to travel less, or to justify recent trips. In an informal research project, "one you are welcome to join", he says, he deliberately steered conversations with people who are attuned to climate change problems towards questions about their recent long-distance flights and why their travel was justified. Reflecting on actions contrary to their beliefs, he noted, "(i)ntriguing as their dissonance may be, what is especially revealing is that every one of these people has a career that is predicated on the assumption that information is sufficient to generate change – an assumption that a moment's introspection would show them was deeply flawed." [20]

In a blog post, Alexandre de Juniac, then-director general and CEO of the airline trade association IATA, said that "Flying is freedom" and "Confining people's horizons to train distances or boat speeds back-steps on a century of worldwide progress. Relying on virtual meetings to make global connections ignores the feelings and sensations that make us human." [21]

Research professor Brené Brown has argued that flight guilt is more productive than flight shame: "Shame is a focus on self, guilt is a focus on behavior. Shame is, 'I am bad.' Guilt is, 'I did something bad.'" [22]

In 2011, S. Cohen observed both air travel and concern over its climate impacts were growing, balanced by technology and physical resources, self and external regulation and social norms including stigmatisation of excessive air travel. [23] In 2009, Stefan Gössling pointed out the conflict caused by air travel growth in a carbon-constrained world, with a minority of hypermobile individuals responsible for a large share of air travel. [24]

In 2018, 11% of the global population took a flight, 4% flew abroad and 1% was responsible for half of global aviation emissions, according to a November 2020 study from Linnaeus University. [25]

In 2021, Evelien van Leeuwen published an article about flight shaming which examined the motivations and the decision-making process of airline passengers who decided to offset their carbon emissions through KLM's CO2ZERO program. This program enabled passengers to offset their flight's carbon emissions by investing in sustainable energy projects. The research found that while most respondents were motivated by environmental concerns, cost and convenience were also important factors in their decision-making process. The study concludes that while voluntary carbon offsetting can contribute to mitigating the environmental impact of air travel, it is not a sufficient solution to address the climate crisis. [26] [ citation needed ]

Surveys

In autumn 2014, a German survey shown that Green Party voters travel more often by plane: 49% flew once a year compared to 42% of Left voters, 36% of CDU/CSU (Conservatives) supporters and 32% of SPD (Labour) supporters. None of them never flew, compared to 17%, 16% and 13% for the other supporters, respectively. Only 48% of the Green voters agreed with the statement "It's a good thing that many people can afford to fly today" while 69% to 77% of the other parties agreed. Greens supporters are often well educated and earn more than the average, and travel frequently for business and tourism. [27] In Britain in 2015, a survey carried out by Travelzoo shown that Green Party supporters are the most likely to fly long-haul. [28]

In February 2020, a French opinion survey conducted by Paul Chiambaretto, et al., of the Montpellier Business School showed that 90% of people overestimate the air transport share of CO₂ emissions, more than half think it is over 10% instead of the actual figure of 2–3%. 90% of people think the emissions per passenger have been stable or grew, while they actually reduced by 25% within the last 15 years and 70% overestimate modern aircraft fuel consumption (within 2–3 L/100 km per passenger) with 24% thinking they burn over 10 L/100 km per passenger. [29] Of the 37% of French people who avoided air travel in 2019, 15% of them (5.6% overall) preferred other transport means for environmental reasons. [30] After the COVID-19 pandemic, 61% of people said that they intend to travel by air in 2021, more hindered by the travel restrictions than environmental concerns. The environment is a concern for those who avoided air travel before, around 20% of the surveyed population. [31]

In early 2022, the European Investment Bank published the results of its 2021–2022 Climate Survey, showing that 52% of Europeans under 30, 37% of people between 30 and 64 and 25% for people aged 65 and above plan to travel by air for their summer holidays in 2022; and 27% of those under 30, 17% for people aged 30–64 and 12% for people aged 65 and above plan to travel by air to a faraway destination. [32]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Air Transport Association</span> International trade association for airlines

The International Air Transport Association is a trade association of the world's airlines founded in 1945. IATA has been described as a cartel since, in addition to setting technical standards for airlines, IATA also organized tariff conferences that served as a forum for price fixing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Air travel</span> Form of travel using aircraft to fly above ground for long distances

Air travel is a form of travel in vehicles such as airplanes, jet aircraft, helicopters, hot air balloons, blimps, gliders, hang gliders, parachutes, or anything else that can sustain flight. Use of air travel began vastly increasing in the 1930s: the number of Americans flying went from about 6,000 in 1930 to 450,000 by 1934 and to 1.2 million by 1938. It has continued to greatly increase in recent decades, doubling worldwide between the mid-1980s and the year 2000. Modern air travel is much safer than road travel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental effects of aviation</span> Effect of emissions from aircraft engines

Aircraft engines produce gases, noise, and particulates from fossil fuel combustion, raising environmental concerns over their global effects and their effects on local air quality. Jet airliners contribute to climate change by emitting carbon dioxide, the best understood greenhouse gas, and, with less scientific understanding, nitrogen oxides, contrails and particulates. Their radiative forcing is estimated at 1.3–1.4 that of CO2 alone, excluding induced cirrus cloud with a very low level of scientific understanding. In 2018, global commercial operations generated 2.4% of all CO2 emissions.

Hypermobile travelers are "highly mobile individuals" who take "frequent trips, often over great distances." They "account for a large share of the overall kilometres travelled, especially by air." These people contribute significantly to the overall amount of air miles flown within a given society. Although concerns over hypermobility apply to several modes of transport, the environmental impact of aviation and especially its greenhouse gas emissions have brought particular focus on flying. Among the reasons for this focus is that these emissions, because they are made at high altitude, have a climate impact that is commonly estimated to be 2.7 higher, than the same emissions if made at ground-level.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Air transport in the United Kingdom</span>

Air transport in the United Kingdom is the commercial carriage of passengers, freight and mail by aircraft, both within the United Kingdom (UK) and between the UK and the rest of the world. In the past 25 years the industry has seen continuous growth, and the demand for passenger air travel in particular is forecast to increase from the current level of 236 million passengers to 465 million in 2030. One airport, Heathrow Airport, is amongst the top ten busiest airports in the world. More than half of all passengers travelling by air in the UK currently travel via the six London area airports. Outside London, Manchester Airport is by far the largest and busiest of the remaining airports, acting as a hub for the 20 million or so people who live within a two-hour drive. Regional airports have experienced the most growth in recent years, due to the success of low-cost carrier airlines over the last decade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental effects of aviation in the United Kingdom</span>

The environmental effects of aviation in the United Kingdom are increasing due to the increasing demand for air travel in the country. In the past 25 years the UK air transport industry has seen sustained growth, and the demand for passenger air travel in particular is forecast to increase more than twofold, to 465 million passengers, by 2030. Two airports; London Heathrow and London Gatwick, are amongst the top ten busiest airports in the world for international passenger traffic. Whilst more than half of all passengers travelling by air in the UK currently travel via the five London area airports, regional airports have experienced the most growth in recent years, due to the success of 'no-frills' airlines over the last decade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Björn Ferry</span> Swedish biathlete

Björn Ferry is a former Swedish biathlete and medal winning Olympian. He began competing internationally in World Cup competitions in 2001, but did not win his first international race until the 2007–2008 season. In 2007, he won gold in the mixed relay event at the Biathlon World Championships. The next year, at his third Winter Olympics appearance, he won the gold medal in the pursuit event. He started the event in 8th place as determined by the previous sprint event, but managed to overtake the race leader on the final lap.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Sweden</span>

Climate change has received significant scientific, public and political attention in Sweden. In 1896, Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius was the first scientist to quantify global heating. Sweden has a high energy consumtion per capita, but reducing the dependency on fossil energy has been on the agenda of cabinets of the Governments of Sweden since the 1970s oil crises. In 2014 and 2016, Sweden was ranked #1 in the Global Green Economy Index (GGEI), because the Swedish economy produces relatively low emissions. Sweden has had one of the highest usages of biofuel in Europe and aims at prohibiting new sales of fossil-cars, including hybrid cars, by 2035, and for an energy supply system with zero net atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions by 2045.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental effects of transport</span>

The environmental effects of transport are significant because transport is a major user of energy, and burns most of the world's petroleum. This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide. Within the transport sector, road transport is the largest contributor to global warming.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Individual action on climate change</span> What people can do individually to stop global warming

Individual action on climate change can include personal choices in many areas, such as diet, travel, household energy use, consumption of goods and services, and family size. Individuals can also engage in local and political advocacy around issues of climate change. People who wish to reduce their carbon footprint, can take "high-impact" actions, such as avoiding frequent flying and petrol fuelled cars, eating mainly a plant-based diet, having fewer children, using clothes and electrical products for longer, and electrifying homes. Avoiding meat and dairy foods has been called "the single biggest way" an individual can reduce their environmental impact. Excessive consumption is more to blame for climate change than population increase. High consumption lifestyles have a greater environmental impact, with the richest 10% of people emitting about half the total lifestyle emissions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Europe</span> Emissions, impacts and responses of Europe related to climate change

Climate change has resulted in an increase in temperature of 2.3 °C (2022) in Europe compared to pre-industrial levels. Europe is the fastest warming continent in the world. Europe's climate is getting warmer due to anthropogenic activity. According to international climate experts, global temperature rise should not exceed 2 °C to prevent the most dangerous consequences of climate change; without reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, this could happen before 2050. Climate change has implications for all regions of Europe, with the extent and nature of impacts varying across the continent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fuel economy in aircraft</span> Aircraft fuel efficiency

The fuel economy in aircraft is the measure of the transport energy efficiency of aircraft. Fuel efficiency is increased with better aerodynamics and by reducing weight, and with improved engine brake-specific fuel consumption and propulsive efficiency or thrust-specific fuel consumption. Endurance and range can be maximized with the optimum airspeed, and economy is better at optimum altitudes, usually higher. An airline efficiency depends on its fleet fuel burn, seating density, air cargo and passenger load factor, while operational procedures like maintenance and routing can save fuel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greta Thunberg</span> Swedish environmental activist (born 2003)

Greta Tintin Eleonora Ernman Thunberg is a Swedish environmental activist known for challenging world leaders to take immediate action for climate change mitigation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aviation taxation and subsidies</span> Taxes and subsidies related to aviation

Aviation taxation and subsidies includes taxes and subsidies related to aviation.

Climate activist Greta Thunberg made a double crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in 2019 to attend climate conferences in New York City and, until it was moved, Santiago, Chile. She sailed from Plymouth, UK, to New York, United States aboard the racing yacht Malizia II, returning from Hampton, Virginia, to Lisbon on the catamaran La Vagabonde. Thunberg refuses to fly because of the carbon emissions of the airline industry and the trip was announced as carbon neutral. As a racing sailboat, the Malizia II has no toilet, fixed shower, cooking facilities or proper beds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial air transport</span> Impact of COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the airline industry due to travel restrictions and a decimation in demand among travelers.

Taxation of aviation fuel in the European Union is regulated by the Energy Taxation Directive (2003/96/EG) of 27 October 2003. This prohibits the taxation of commercial aviation fuel, except for commercial domestic flights or by bilateral agreement between member states. As of 2023, commercial aviation fuel is currently tax exempt under the legislation of all member states of the European Union. This tax exemption has been criticised on environmental grounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Short-haul flight ban</span> Proposed environmental policy

A short-haul flight ban is a prohibition imposed by governments on airlines to establish and maintain a flight connection over a certain distance, or by organisations or companies on their employees for business travel using existing flight connections over a certain distance, in order to mitigate the environmental impact of aviation. In the 21st century, several governments, organisations and companies have imposed restrictions and even prohibitions on short-haul flights, stimulating or pressuring travellers to opt for more environmentally friendly means of transportation, especially trains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Air travel demand reduction</span> Climate change mitigation method

Air travel demand mitigation or aviation demand reduction or air travel demand reduction is a part of transportation demand management and climate change mitigation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Airlines circular economy initiatives</span>

In the aviation sector, the concept of circular economy is emerging, offering promising environmental, social, and economic benefits. While its widespread application is still evolving, there are already indications of its potential to reshape the entire aviation supply chain, from product design to end-of-life management.

References

  1. Gössling, Stefan (November 2019). "Celebrities, air travel, and social norms". Annals of Tourism Research. 79: 102775. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2019.102775. S2CID   211419517 . Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Coffey, Helen (5 June 2019). "What is 'flygskam'? Everything you need to know about the environmental movement that's sweeping Europe". The Independent. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  3. 1 2 Cerullo, Megan (3 October 2019). ""Flight shame" could hurt airlines as travelers shun air travel". CBS News. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  4. 1 2 "Sweden's air travel falls as flight-shaming rises". BBC News. 10 January 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hook, Leslie (29 December 2019). "Year in a word: Flygskam". Financial Times. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Pesce, Nicole Lyn (19 December 2019). "How Greta Thunberg and 'flygskam' are shaking the global airline industry". MarketWatch. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  7. 1 2 Wilkes, William; Weiss, Richard (19 December 2019). "German Air Travel Slump Points to Spread of Flight Shame". Bloomberg. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  8. Irfan, Umair (30 November 2019). "Air travel is a huge contributor to climate change. A new global movement wants you to be ashamed to fly". Vox. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  9. Dolšak, Nives; Prakash, Aseem (7 March 2022). "Different approaches to reducing aviation emissions: reviewing the structure-agency debate in climate policy". Climate Action. 1. doi: 10.1007/s44168-022-00001-w . S2CID   247293017.
  10. "The Greta effect". The Economist. 19 August 2019.
  11. "'Flight shame' could halve growth in air traffic". BBC News. 2 October 2019.
  12. Peter van Ammelrooy (15 May 2019). "Vliegschaamte? Welke vliegschaamte? Nederlander pakt deze zomervakantie vaker het vliegtuig". de Volkskrant (in Dutch).
  13. "Vliegschaamte of niet, vliegtuig haalt auto in bij reizen naar buitenland". NOS (in Dutch). 15 January 2020.
  14. Cathy Galle (4 January 2020). "Vliegschaamte? Geen sprake van in België". De Morgen (in Dutch).
  15. HUGO MARTÍNS (7 February 2020). "Travel by plane and you might get 'flight shamed.' This worries airlines". Los Angeles Times.
  16. Doran, R., Pallesen, S., Böhm, G., & Ogunbode, C. A. (2022). When and why do people experience flight shame?. Annals of Tourism Research, 92, Article 103254.
  17. William Wilkes (26 September 2019). "Flight Shaming Puts a Dent in European Travel". Bloomberg. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
    Elena Berton (2 October 2019). "Flight shaming hits air travel as 'Greta effect' takes off". Reuters. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  18. 1 2 Kusmer, Anna (3 April 2020). "Coronavirus has changed how we transport goods and ourselves. But will it last?". The World . PRX.
  19. "The Bill", by Peter Wedel, distributed by GermanWatch. 23 June 2009.
  20. Marshall, G. (2009, 24-July). Why We Still Don't Believe In Climate Change Archived 22 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  21. Sampson, Hannah (9 July 2019). "Europe's 'flight shame' movement doesn't stand a chance in the U.S." The Washington Post . Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  22. "The overlooked danger of flight shaming". Deutsche Welle . 30 August 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  23. Cohen S, Higham J, Cavaliere C (2011), "Binge flying: Behavioural addiction and climate change", Annals of Tourism Research, doi:10.1016/j.annals.2011.01.013
  24. Gössling S, Ceron JP, Dubois G, Hall MC (2009). Gössling S, Upham P (eds.). Hypermobile travellers (PDF). London: Routledge. ISBN   9781849770774. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2010.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  25. Damian Carrington (17 November 2020). "1% of people cause half of global aviation emissions – study". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  26. van Leeuwen, Evelien (2021). "Flyers' decisions to offset their carbon emissions: A case study of KLM's CO2 ZERO scheme". doi:10.1080/09669582.2021.1940519 (inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  27. The Heinrich Böll Foundation and the Airbus Group (May 2016). "The greens fly the most" (PDF). Aloft - An Inflight Review. pp. 14–15.
  28. "Green Party supporters 'most likely' to fly long-haul". The Telegraph. 16 April 2015.
  29. Paul Chiambaretto (Montpellier Business School); et al. (February 2020), "Les français et l'impact environnemental du transport aérien : entre mythes et réalités" (PDF), Les Carnets de la Chaire Pégase (in French){{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  30. Paul Chiambaretto (Montpellier Business School); et al. (December 2020), "Transport aérien : l'impact du COVID-19 sur le comportement des Français" (PDF), Les Carnets de la Chaire Pégase (in French){{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  31. Paul Chiambaretto (24 December 2020). "Transport aérien. Quels nouveaux réflexes avant de prendre l'avion ?". Ouest-France (in French) via Olivier BERREZAI.
  32. "2021–2022 EIB Climate Survey, part 2 of 3: Shopping for a new car? Most Europeans say they will opt for hybrid or electric". European Investment Bank. 22 March 2022.