The fourth wave of Russian emigration took place after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 when people began migrating from Russia in large numbers. This wave continues into the present, with the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine leading to considerable Russian emigration associated with the invasion.
In the 1990s, Russia suffered an economic depression. This caused some Russians to leave Russia. [1] Emigration for ethnic reasons was especially strong with ethnic Germans going to Germany, Jews to Israel, and Greeks to Greece. [2]
In the 2000s the flow of emigration gradually declined as the economy recovered, but then, from the starting of the 2010s, new bursts of political emigration arose, associated with the tightening of political rights. [3]
Starting in February 2022, in connection with the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, a new flow of political emigration began, associated with disagreement with the government. [4] [5] [6] Following the announcement of mobilization on 21 September 2022, a huge surge in emigration from Russia occurred. Tickets to Armenia, Turkey, and Azerbaijan significantly increased, and car queues were formed at the border with Finland, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan. [7] [8] [9]
Since the beginning of the 1990s, social and demographic changes in the Russian Federation, stemming from under the Soviet Union, led the country towards an aging population, often described as in media as a "demographic crisis".
Alexander Petrovich Kotsubinsky is a prominent Russian psychiatrist, a spokesman of St. Petersburg psychiatric school.
Freemasonry in Russia started in the 18th century and has continued to the present day. Russian Freemasonry pursue humanistic and educational purposes, but more attention is given to ethical issues. It was a spiritual community of people united in an effort to contribute to the prosperity of the Motherland and the enlightenment of the people living in it.
Ivan Gavrilovich Blinov was a calligrapher and miniaturist, bookmaking master, who worked in the traditional manner.
The Lopukhin family was a noble family of the Russian Empire, forming one of the branches of the Sorokoumov-Glebov family.
The history of metallurgy in the Urals stands out to historians and economists as a separate stage in the history of Russian industry and covers the period from the 4th millennium BC to the present day. The emergence of the mining district is connected with the history of Ural metallurgy. The geography of the Ural metallurgy covers the territories of modern Perm Krai, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Udmurtia, Bashkortostan, Chelyabinsk Oblast and Orenburg Oblast.
The Youth Democratic Movement "Vesna" is a Russian liberal democratic youth movement based in Saint Petersburg.
The Russian 2022 Laws Establishing War Censorship and Prohibiting Anti-War Statements and Calls for Sanctions is a group of federal laws promulgated by the Russian government during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. These laws establish administrative and criminal punishments for a dissemination of "unreliable information" about the Russian Armed Forces, other Russian state bodies and their operations, as well as about activity of volunteers and their formations and organizations aimed at assistance in accomplishment of a tasks of the Russian Armed Forces, punishments for a "discrediting" of the Russian Armed Forces, other Russian state bodies, and activity of volunteers and their formations and organizations aimed at assistance in accomplishment of a tasks of the Russian Armed Forces, and punishments for a calls for sanctions against Russia, Russian organizations and citizens. These laws are a further extension of Russian fake news laws. The adoption of these laws caused the mass exodus of foreign media from Russia and the termination of the activity of independent Russian media.
The blocking of Meta Platforms in Russia is the process of blocking access and subsequent banning of Meta Platforms' social networks in Russia due to allowing Facebook and Instagram users to wish the death of Russian President Vladimir Putin and Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko, as well as to call for violence against Russian servicemen participating in Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
"Ukraine" is a 2022 song by Russian rock band Nogu Svelo!. The song was released on 12 June 2022 on Russia Day to voice the band's opposition of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Separatism in Russia refers to bids for secession or autonomy for certain areas of the Russian Federation. There are several separatist movements in Russia, but promoting separatism is illegal.
A series of Molotov cocktail arson attacks and shootings have taken place in Russian military commissariat registration and enlistment offices since the start of the country's invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Other governmental buildings have also been attacked in multiple regions of Russia. Part of the Russian partisan and anti-war movements, the attacks were spurred by several factors, including the outbreak of the invasion of Ukraine, the deployment of Russian conscripts to the front line, the start of spring conscription, and rumors about possible mobilization in the country, which were later found to be true. Commissariat offices recruit servicemen to the Russian Army and choose who is eligible and ineligible for service. The attacks are not a single coordinated campaign; behind them are a variety of people, from left-wing anarchists to far-right groups and assorted lone wolf actors.
Partisan movements in Belarus and Russia emerged following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. These resistance movements act against the governments of Alexander Lukashenko in Belarus and Vladimir Putin in Russia, whom their detractors view as authoritarian. Elements of the opposition also work to counter the interests of the armed forces of both countries, as well as against civilian supporters of these authorities, in order to put a stop to the war in Ukraine.
On 21 September 2022, seven months into the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia declared a partial mobilization of military reservists. The decision was made a day after the announcement of the Russian annexation of the DPR, LPR, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts.
Mobilization in Ukraine is a general mobilization into the Armed Forces of Ukraine, which has been taking place in Ukraine since 2014.
The Black Bridge is a Russian partisan movement opposed to the rule of Vladimir Putin. The organization supports the territorial integrity of Ukraine.
With the beginning of mobilization in Russia, anti-war and anti-mobilization protests broke out in Chechnya, Dagestan and other regions of the Russian Caucasus.
The Guide to the Free World, is a non-governmental organization dedicated to helping people leave Russia after the 24 February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. It was founded and is headed by Ira Lobanovskaya, a former marketing strategist. It maintains the eponymous Russian language Guide to the Free World website collating information, and the Relocation Guide from the Russian Federation Telegram chat that originated it, the largest such chat on the subject.
Martial law in Russia was introduced on 20 October 2022 during the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine and a month after the announcement of mobilization. President Vladimir Putin issued two decrees: “On the introduction of martial law in the territories of the DPR, LPR, Zaporozhye and Kherson Oblasts” and “On measures taken in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in connection with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated October 19, 2022 No. 756”.
The Ingushes in Europe — are the Ingush diaspora of 200,000 people. Of these, the largest number of Ingush live in the countries of Western, Northern and Eastern Europe: France, Germany, Belgium, Austria, Norway, Finland, Denmark.
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(help)as many as 200,000 Russians have left their country since the start of the war.