Fourth branch of government

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In politics of the United States, "fourth branch of government" is an unofficial term referring to groups or institutions perceived variously as influencing or acting in the stead of the three branches of the US federal government defined in the Constitution of the United States (legislative, executive and judicial). [1] Views as to whether the influence is due or undue or the actions are for good or ill also vary.

Contents

Such groups can include the press (as a departure from the 'Fourth Estate'), the people (in sum or as grand juries), and interest groups. The independent administrative agencies of the United States government, while technically part of any one of the three branches, may also be referred to as a ‘fourth branch’.

The press

While the term ‘fourth estate’ is used to emphasize the independence of 'the press', the fourth branch suggests that the press is not independent of the government. [2] The concept of the news media or press as a fourth branch stems from a belief that the media's responsibility to inform the populace is essential to the healthy functioning of democracy. [3]

Douglass Cater, in his 1959 "The Fourth Branch of Government" offered the hypothesis that the press had become "a de facto, quasiofficial fourth branch of government" and observed it was the looseness of the American political framework that allowed news media to “insert themselves as another branch of the government”. [4] [5] Cater was "convinced that, insofar as the press did act as a true political player (rather than an unbiased observer of politics), it corrupted itself and went astray from its primary responsibility—to convey important information and to act as a nonpartisan watchdog for the public against all trespassers on their rights." [6] [lower-alpha 1] [lower-alpha 2]

In 1985, Walter Annenberg noted that several commentators were applying the term 'fourth branch of government' to the press to indicate that it has at least as much if not more power to direct public policy than do the other three branches, in part because of its direct contact with the public and its protection "by the First Amendment from responsibility for what they report". [9] [10]

The people

Justice Antonin Scalia's majority opinion in United States v. Williams, 1992 has been relied on to refer to grand juries as a fourth branch of government. In that opinion, Scalia wrote:

[T]he grand jury is mentioned in the Bill of Rights, but not in the body of the Constitution. It has not been textually assigned, therefore, to any of the branches described in the first three Articles. It 'is a constitutional fixture in its own right' [case cites]. In fact the whole theory of its function is that it belongs to no branch of the institutional government, serving as a kind of buffer or referee between the Government and the people. [11] [ non-primary source needed ]

Some have used this to call for common law grand juries "to expose fraud and corruption whether it is in the judicial or political realm." [12] [ better source needed ]

Others have used the term in calls to, e.g, "empower the people" by petition or referendum processes [6] [13] or, similarly, for "broader and more direct participation in our governance" by eliminating the Electoral College, implementing e-voting and other measures. [14] [ better source needed ]

Interest groups

In an article titled "The 'Fourth Branch' of Government", Alex Knott of the Center for Public Integrity asserted in 2005 that "special interests and the lobbyists they employ have reported spending, since 1998, a total of almost $13 billion to influence Congress, the White House and more than 200 federal agencies." [15] [ non-primary source needed ]

Administrative agencies

The administrative agencies that are funded from public money may exercise powers granted by Congress. Without appropriate controls and oversight this practice may result in a bureaucracy (in the original literal sense). Some critics have argued that a central paradox at the heart of the American political system is democracy's reliance on what the critics view as undemocratic bureaucratic institutions that characterize the administrative agencies of government. [16]

An argument made for calling administrative agencies a "fourth branch" of government is the fact that such agencies typically exercise all three constitutionally divided powers within a single bureaucratic body: That is, agencies legislate (a power vested solely in the legislature by the Constitution) [17] [ original research? ] through delegated rulemaking authority; investigate, execute, and enforce such rules (via the executive power these agencies are typically organized under); and apply, interpret, and enforce compliance with such rules (a power separately vested in the judicial branch). [18] [ original research? ] Additionally, non-executive, or "independent" administrative agencies are often called a fourth branch of government, as they create rules with the effect of law, yet may be composed at least partially of private, non-governmental actors.[ original research? ]

Bob Jessop, in his book, 'The State: Past, Present, Future’ [19] notes the similarity of three constructs:

  1. ’ Deep state ’ — for which he cites Mike Lofgren’s 2014 definition: "a hybrid association of elements of government and parts of top-level finance and industry that is effectively able to govern … without reference to the consent of the governed as expressed through the formal political process …”. [20]
  2. ’Dark state’ — “networks of officials, private firms, media outlets, think tanks, foundations, NGOs, interest groups, and other forces that attend to the needs of capital, not of everyday life” while “concealed from public gaze (or ‘hidden in plain sight’)", citing Jason Lindsay (2013). [21]
  3. ’The Fourth Branch’ of US government — consisting of “an ever more unchecked and unaccountable centre …, working behind a veil of secrecy”, citing Tom Engelhardt (2014). [22]

Per Engelhardt: “Classically, … the three branches of government … were to check and balance one another so that power would never become centralized …. The founding fathers [never envisioned] that a fourth branch of government, the national security state, would arise, dedicated to the centralization of power in an atmosphere of total secrecy. In the post-9/11 years, it has significantly absorbed the other three branches.” [22]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ For more on Douglass Cater, including recognition of his ‘evenhandedness’, see his obituary. [7]
  2. ↑ Herbert Brücker, in his 1949 book, Freedom of Information on "the practical relationship between the government and the press" equated the terms '4th estate' and '4th branch of government', [8] but held the same position as Cater regarding corruption of the press when it acted as a political player. [6]

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References

  1. ↑ Turley, Jonathan (24 May 2013). "The rise of the fourth branch of government". Washington Post. The Washington Post Co. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  2. ↑ Martin A. Lee and Norman Solomon. Unreliable Sources (New York, NY: Lyle Stuart, 1990) ISBN   0-8184-0521-X
  3. ↑ Peter Gelderloos (2004-02-16). "The Fourth Branch of Government: Corporate Media Complicity from Miami to Iraq". Archived from the original on 2004-02-16. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
  4. ↑ Cater, Douglass (1959). The Fourth Branch of Government . Houghton Mifflin Co.
  5. ↑ Sparrow, Bartholomew H. (1999). Uncertain Guardians: The News Media as a Political Institution. JHU Press. p. 6. ISBN   9780801860362.
  6. 1 2 3 "The 4th Estate as the 4th Branch". teachinghistory.org . National History Education Clearinghouse. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  7. ↑ "Douglass Cater Is Dead at 72; Educator and Presidential Aide". New York Times. September 16, 1995. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
  8. ↑ Brücker, Herbert (1949). Freedom of Information. Macmillan Company.
  9. ↑ Annenberg, Walter H. (1985). "The Fourth Branch of Government". In Hiebert, R.E.; Reuss, C. (eds.). Impact of mass media: current issues. Longman Publishing Group.
  10. ↑ Oswald, Kristine A. (1993). "Mass media and the transformation of American politics". Marq. L. Rev. 77 (2): 385–414. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  11. ↑ United States v. Williams , 50436 (US Supreme Court1992).
  12. ↑ Norris, Justin (September 24, 2013). "Blog: Organizers 'Reinstate' Common Law Grand Juries in Pennsylvania". Juris Magazine . Duquesne University Law School. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  13. ↑ Edsall, Tom (September 13, 1996). "Conservative Allies Plot Separate Routes". Washington Post.
  14. ↑ Trammell, Jack; Terrell, Guy (2016). The Fourth Branch of Government: We the People. Brandylane Publishers. ASIN   B01LZ97OLL.
  15. ↑ Knott, Alex (May 19, 2014). "Industry of Influence Nets More than $10 billion". The Center for Public Integrity. Archived from the original on August 26, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
  16. ↑ Kevin B. Smith and Michael J. Licari, Public Administrations: Power and Politics in the Fourth Branch of Government (Oxford University Press, February 2006) ISBN   1-933220-04-X
  17. ↑ See generally United States Constitution, Article I
  18. ↑ See generally United States Constitution, Article III
  19. ↑ Jessop, Bob (December 2015). The State: Past, Present, Future. John Wiley & Sons. p. 224.
  20. ↑ Lofgren, Mike (February 21, 2014). "Essay: Anatomy of the Deep State". BillMoyers.com . Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  21. ↑ [The Concealment of the State] Jason Royce Lindsey, 2013 pages 35–36
  22. 1 2 Engelhardt, Tom (2014). Shadow Government: Surveillance, Secret Wars, and a Global Security State in a Single Superpower World. Chicago: Haymarket Books. ISBN   9781608464272.
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