Mairead Maguire,also known as Mairead Corrigan Maguire and formerly as Mairéad Corrigan,is a peace activist from Northern Ireland. She co-founded,with Betty Williams and Ciaran McKeown,the Women for Peace,which later became the Community for Peace People,an organization dedicated to encouraging a peaceful resolution of the Troubles in Northern Ireland. Maguire and Williams were awarded the 1976 Nobel Peace Prize.
Artistic freedom can be defined as "the freedom to imagine,create and distribute diverse cultural expressions free of governmental censorship,political interference or the pressures of non-state actors." Generally,artistic freedom describes the extent of independence artists obtain to create art freely. Moreover,artistic freedom concerns "the rights of citizens to access artistic expressions and take part in cultural life—and thus [represents] one of the key issues for democracy." The extent of freedom indispensable to create art freely differs regarding the existence or nonexistence of national instruments established to protect,to promote,to control or to censor artists and their creative expressions. This is why universal,regional and national legal provisions have been installed to guarantee the right to freedom of expression in general and of artistic expression in particular. In 2013,Ms Farida Shaheed,United Nations special rapporteur to the Human Rights Council,presented her "Report in the field of cultural rights:The right to freedom of expression and creativity" providing a comprehensive study of the status quo of,and specifically the limitations and challenges to,artistic freedom worldwide. In this study,artistic freedom "was put forward as a basic human right that went beyond the 'right to create' or the 'right to participate in cultural life'." It stresses the range of fundamental freedoms indispensable for artistic expression and creativity,e.g. the freedoms of movement and association. "The State of Artistic Freedom" is an integral report published by arts censorship monitor Freemuse on an annual basis.
Mohammad-Javad Ardeshir Larijani is an Iranian conservative politician and former diplomat. He is currently a top adviser to the Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in foreign affairs and secretary of High Council for Human rights,Judiciary of Islamic Republic of Iran.
Juan E. Méndez is an Argentine lawyer,former United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel,Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,and a human rights activist known for his work on behalf of political prisoners.
Adama Dieng is a former UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide succeeded by Alice Wairimu Nderitu of Kenya. He is a former board member of the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance and a former registrar of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. He was designated an expert on human rights in Sudan on November 12,2021,by the UN.
Christopher John Robert Dugard is a South African professor of international law. His main academic specializations are in Roman-Dutch law,public international law,jurisprudence,human rights,criminal procedure and international criminal law. He has served on the International Law Commission,the primary UN institution for the development of international law,and has been active in reporting on human-rights violations by Israel in the Palestinian territories.
Source protection,sometimes also referred to as source confidentiality or in the U.S. as the reporter's privilege,is a right accorded to journalists under the laws of many countries,as well as under international law. It prohibits authorities,including the courts,from compelling a journalist to reveal the identity of an anonymous source for a story. The right is based on a recognition that without a strong guarantee of anonymity,many would be deterred from coming forward and sharing information of public interests with journalists.
Vitit Muntarbhorn is an international human rights expert and professor of law at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok,Thailand. Muntarbhorn was designated in September 2016 as the first UN Independent Expert on violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity by the Human Rights Council before succeeded by Victor Madrigal-Borloz in 2018.
The right to Internet access,also known as the right to broadband or freedom to connect,is the view that all people must be able to access the Internet in order to exercise and enjoy their rights to freedom of expression and opinion and other fundamental human rights,that states have a responsibility to ensure that Internet access is broadly available,and that states may not unreasonably restrict an individual's access to the Internet.
Catalina Botero Marino is a Colombian attorney who served as the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression for the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) from 2008 to 2014. From 2016 to 2020,she was the Dean of the Law School of the University of Los Andes (Colombia). Since 2020 she is one of four co-chairs of Facebook's Oversight Board,a body that adjudicates Facebook's content moderation decisions.
The Republic of Uruguay is located in South America,between Argentina,Brazil and the South Atlantic Ocean,with a population of 3,332,972. Uruguay gained independence and sovereignty from Spain in 1828 and has full control over its internal and external affairs. From 1973 to 1985 Uruguay was governed by a civil-military dictatorship which committed numerous human rights abuses.
Maina Kiai is a Kenyan lawyer and human rights activist who formerly served as the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association from May 1,2011,to April 30,2017. Since 2018,he has headed Human Rights Watch's Alliances and Partnerships program.
The United Nations special rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association works independently to inform and advise the United Nations Human Rights Council. The special rapporteur examines,monitors,advises and publicly reports on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association worldwide.
The International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance is a document officially launched at the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva in September 2013 by the Electronic Frontier Foundation which attempts to "clarify how international human rights law applies in the current digital environment". Communications surveillance conflicts with a number of international human rights,mainly that of privacy. As a result,communications surveillance may only occur when prescribed by law necessary to achieve legitimate aim,and proportionate to the aim used.
Agnès Callamard is a French human rights activist who is the Secretary General of Amnesty International. She was previously the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial,summary,or arbitrary executions appointed by the United Nations Human Rights Council,and the former Director of the Columbia University Global Freedom of Expression project.
David Kaye is an American politician who served as the United Nations special rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression between August 2014 and July 2020. He was succeeded by Irene Khan. Kaye is clinical professor of law at the University of California,Irvine on public international law,international humanitarian law human rights and international criminal justice. He is co-director of the UCI Fair Elections and Free Speech Center working at the intersection of technology,freedom of speech and democratic deliberation. He is also the independent board chair of the Global Network Initiative.
The United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran is a United Nations Special Rapporteur whose mandate is to monitor and investigate human rights violations in Iran. The current Special Rapporteur is Javaid Rehman. He is the sixth special rapporteur to Iran,following the tenures of Andrés Aguilar (1984–1986),Reynaldo Galindo Pohl (1986–1995),Maurice Copithorne (1995–2002),Ahmed Shaheed (2011–2016),and Asma Jilani Jahangir (2016–2018).
Michel Forst is a French national actively involved in the defence of human rights. Former Secretary General of the French national human rights institution,he was the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders from June 2014 to March 2020.
JoséFrancisco CalíTzay is a Guatemalan attorney and diplomat,and the UN Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples since 2020.
Fatou Jagne Senghore also known as Fatou Jagne Senghor is a Gambian jurist,human rights advocate,women's rights and free expression activist. She is well known for her work in human rights in West Africa especially in The Gambia and Senegal She earned the nickname of "Senegambian Iron Lady" for her efforts defending human rights in The Gambia under the autocratic leadership of Yahya Jammeh.
