Gaultheria hispidula

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Gaultheria hispidula
Gaultheria hispidula 7847.JPG
Foliage and ripe fruit
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Ericaceae
Genus: Gaultheria
Species:
G. hispidula
Binomial name
Gaultheria hispidula
Synonyms

Chiogenes hispidula
Vaccinium hispidulum

Gaultheria hispidula, commonly known as the creeping snowberry or moxie-plum, is a perennial [2] spreading ground-level vine of the heath family Ericaceae. It is native to North America and produces small white edible berries. It fruits from August to September. Its leaves and berries taste and smell like wintergreen. [3]

Contents

Description

A close-up of the fruit. Gaultheria hispidula 144547599.jpg
A close-up of the fruit.

Gaultheria hispidula is an evergreen prostrate shrub that forms a mat of stems and leaves that can reach 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter and only 10 cm (3.9 in) high. [4] The small leaves, which are under 1 cm (0.39 in) long, are arranged alternately along the stems. [5] The pale green-white flowers are seen in spring, followed by the white berries in August and September. The fruit is white with small darker-colored hair-like growths. The fruit is edible and has an acidic taste. [4]

Distribution and habitat

Gaultheria hispidula grows in acidic and neutral soils in open woodland and forest verges, [4] particularly on wet ground such as in or on the edge of bogs, often near tree stumps. Its original range spread from far northern Canada to as far south as North Carolina, but it has been extirpated from the southerly portions of its original range.

Ecology

It is pollinated by solitary bees, bumblebees, bee-flies, and hoverflies, while chipmunks and deer mice spread the seed. [6]

Conservation status

Like most plants in North America, deforestation and competition with invasive ornamentals (especially shade-loving groundcovers, such as English ivy or winter creeper commonly sold at garden centers) affect the creeping snowberry significantly. As a result, it has been extirpated from some of its original range and classified as rare in several states. Despite this, its international status has been evaluated as secure. This is because it is still quite common in its more northerly range of greater Canada. [5] However, deforestation and exotic invasion are continuing problems that affect all forest species in both Canada and the United States. [7] [8]

It is listed as endangered in Maryland and New Jersey, as threatened in Rhode Island, as sensitive in Washington, as rare in Pennsylvania, as presumed extirpated in Ohio, [9] and as a species of special concern in Connecticut. [10]

Uses

The Algonquin people use an infusion of the leaves as a tonic for overeating. [11] They also use the fruit as food. [12] The Anticosti use it as a sedative, [13] and the Micmac decoct the leaves or the whole plant for an unspecified purpose. [14] The Ojibwa people use the leaves to make a beverage. [15]

The leaves can be cooked as a vegetable. The fruits can be eaten raw, baked, or used to make jam. [16]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Gaultheria procumbens</i> Species of flowering plant

Gaultheria procumbens, also called the eastern teaberry, the checkerberry, the boxberry, or the American wintergreen, is a species of Gaultheria native to northeastern North America from Newfoundland west to southeastern Manitoba, and south to Alabama. It is a member of the Ericaceae.

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Gaultheria is a genus of about 135 species of shrubs in the family Ericaceae. The name commemorates Jean François Gaultier of Quebec, an honour bestowed by the Scandinavian Pehr Kalm in 1748 and taken up by Carl Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum. These plants are native to Asia, Australasia and North and South America. In the past, the Southern Hemisphere species were often treated as the separate genus Pernettya, but no consistent reliable morphological or genetic differences support recognition of two genera, and they are now united in the single genus Gaultheria.

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<i>Berberis vulgaris</i> Species of shrub

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<i>Viburnum trilobum</i> Species of fruit and plant

Viburnum trilobum is a species of Viburnum native to northern North America, from Newfoundland west to British Columbia, south to Washington state and east to northern Virginia. It is very closely related to the European and Asian Viburnum opulus, and is often treated as a variety of it, as Viburnum opulus L. var. americanum Ait., or as a subspecies, Viburnum opulus subsp. trilobum (Marshall) Clausen.

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<i>Gaultheria hispida</i> Species of flowering plant

Gaultheria hispida, commonly known as the copperleaf snowberry, is an endemic eudicot of Tasmania, Australia. It is an erect multi-branched shrub, that can be found in wet forests and alpine woodlands. Its berries appear snowy white and leaves are tipped with a copper tinge, hence the common name.

<i>Solidago rugosa</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> Species of flowering plant

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References

  1. Maiz-Tome, L. 2016 (2016). "Gaultheria hispidula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T64313540A67729546. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64313540A67729546.en . Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  2. USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Gaultheria hispidula". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
  3. Peterson Field Guides: Edible Wild Plants, Lee Allen Peterson, 1977
  4. 1 2 3 "Gaultheria hispidula". Plants for a Future . Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  5. 1 2 Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program (PNHP) (2007). "Creeping Snowberry (Gaultheria hispidula)" (PDF). Pennsylvania Plant Species of Concern. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  6. Hays, Michael (2001). "Conservation Assessment for Creeping snowberry (Gaultheria hispidula)" (PDF). US Forest Service website. Allegheny National Forest: USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  7. "Global Deforestation". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
  8. "Canada's Species". Torsten Bernhardt, Museums Assistance Program of Heritage Canada, McGill University. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
  9. USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Plants Profile for Gaultheria hispidula (Creeping snowberry)". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  10. "Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015" (PDF). State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 1 January 2018. (Note: This list is newer and updated from the one used by plants.usda.gov)
  11. Black, Meredith Jean 1980 Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec. Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65 (p. 216)
  12. Black, p.102
  13. Rousseau, Jacques 1946 Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti. Archives de Folklore 1:60-71 (p. 68)
  14. Speck, Frank G. 1917 Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians. Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321 (p. 317)
  15. Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379 (p. 317)
  16. Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 153. ISBN   978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC   244766414.