General Health Questionnaire

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General Health Questionnaire
Purposeused to identify common psychiatric conditions

The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) is a psychometric screening tool to identify common psychiatric conditions. [1] It has been translated and validated in at least two languages in addition to English, including Spanish [2] and Persian. [3] The latter used in different fields and generations. [4] Also, using GHQ was beneficial in high-tech systems personnel. [5]

Contents

The questionnaire comprises a number of questions, each with a four-point Likert scale for responses. There are versions with 12, 28, 30 and 60 questions. It is considered valid for use on adults and adolescents, but not children, and is available for purchase. [6]

Scoring

The questions in the GHQ have the response choices of Better/Healthier than Normal, Same as Usual, Worse/More than Usual, and Much Worse/More than Usual. [7] [8] These responses can be scored using the Likert or GHQ scale. [8] Using the Likert scale the response choices are given the values 0, 1, 2, and 3 respectively. [7] [8] When a participant completes the questionnaire the values of their responses are then summed to give a final score between 0 and 180. Using the GHQ scale, the response choices are given values of 0, 0, 1, and 1 respectively. [7] [8] In this case, the final score can range from 0 to 60. Medical professionals establish score ranges that indicate the severity of any psychiatric issues. The questions can also be broken into sections that target specific psychiatric issues such as anxiety disorder, depression, and bipolar disorder. These sections can be scored individually as well, to determine the severity. [8] The score ranges used to distinguish between different severities of psychiatric issues are established by each medical professional, so there is no widely accepted set range.[ citation needed ]

History

The original study that proposed the GHQ was published in 1970 by David Goldberg and Dr. Blackwell. [9] This study was originally completed to validate the General Health Questionnaire as a reliable determinant of psychiatric health in general practice. [9] [10] [11] The GHQ was given to 3000 patients at a general medicine practice in London. [9] After completing the questionnaire the patients were then evaluated by a general practitioner and psychiatrist. [9] The practitioner and psychiatrist's diagnoses were rated 0 to 4 and the questionnaire scores were categorized A-H. [9] The results of the GHQ were then compared to the general practitioner and psychiatrist's determinations and it was found that only 8.5% of patients were miscategorized. [9] The high accuracy of the questionnaire proved that it was equivalent to a psychiatrist's or practitioner's diagnosis and could be used as a method of evaluating patients. [9] [11] [12] [13]

Diagnosis Categorization System
Practitioner/Psychiatrist ScoreDefinition
0No psychiatric disturbance detected
1Mild subclinical emotional disturbance detected
2Clinically significant psychiatric illness-mild
3Psychiatric illness-moderate
4Psychiatric illness-marked
GHQ Score Categorization System
GHQ Score CategoryDefinition
AEntirely physical complaints
BPhysical condition in a neurotic personality
CPhysical illness with associated psychiatric disturbance
DPsychiatric illness with somatic symptoms
EUnrelated physical and psychiatric illness
FEntirely psychiatric illness
GMiscellaneous, not ill, unclassifiable
HParents of sick children

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References

  1. ↑ Goldberg, David; Hillier, Valerie (1979). "A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire". Psychological Medicine. 9 (1). Cambridge Univ Press: 139–145. doi:10.1017/s0033291700021644. PMID   424481. S2CID   46732312.
  2. ↑ Lobo, Antonio; Pérez-Echeverría, Maria; Artal, Jesus (1986). "Validity of the scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) in a Spanish population". Psychological Medicine. 16 (1): 135–140. doi:10.1017/s0033291700002579. PMID   3961039. S2CID   40608387.
  3. ↑ Montazeri, Ali; Harirchi, Amir; Artal, Jesus; Shariati, Mohammad; Garmaroudi, Gholamreza; Ebadi, Mehdi; Fateh, Abolfazl (2003). "The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): translation and validation study of the Iranian version". Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 1 (1). BioMed Central Ltd: 66. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-1-66 . PMC   280704 . PMID   14614778.
  4. ↑ Assadi, SM; Nakhaei, MR; Najafi, F; Fazel, S (January 2007). "Mental health in three generations of Iranian medical students and doctors. A cross-sectional study". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 42 (1): 57–60. doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0130-7. PMID   17080322. S2CID   40701780.
  5. ↑ Arghami, Sh; Nasl Seraji, J.; Mohammad, K.; Zamani, G.; Farhangi, A.; van Vuuren, W. (2005). "Mental health in high-tech system" (PDF). Iranian Journal of Public Health: 31–37.
  6. ↑ "General Health Questionnaire". Archived from the original on 2015-08-16. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
  7. 1 2 3 "General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) – MHPSS Knowledge Hub" . Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Malt, U. F.; Mogstad, T. E.; Refnin, I. B. (1989-05-10). "[Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire]". Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening: Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, NY Raekke. 109 (13): 1391–1394. ISSN   0029-2001. PMID   2749623.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Goldberg, D. P.; Blackwell, B. (1970-05-23). "Psychiatric Illness in General Practice: A Detailed Study Using a New Method of Case Identification". BMJ. 2 (5707): 439–443. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5707.439. ISSN   0959-8138. PMC   1700485 . PMID   5420206.
  10. ↑ Jackson, C. (2006-08-23). "The General Health Questionnaire". Occupational Medicine. 57 (1): 79. doi:10.1093/occmed/kql169. ISSN   0962-7480.
  11. 1 2 Carvalho, Hudson Wander de; Patrick, Christopher J.; Jorge, Miguel Roberto; Andreoli, Sérgio Baxter (March 2011). "Validation of the structural coherency of the General Health Questionnaire". Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 33 (1): 59–63. doi: 10.1590/S1516-44462011000100012 . ISSN   1516-4446. PMID   21537722. S2CID   3520063.
  12. ↑ Goldberg, D. P.; Gater, R.; Sartorius, N.; Ustun, T. B.; Piccinelli, M.; Gureje, O.; Rutter, C. (January 1997). "The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care". Psychological Medicine. 27 (1): 191–197. doi:10.1017/S0033291796004242. ISSN   0033-2917. PMID   9122299. S2CID   7842411.
  13. ↑ Hankins, Matthew (December 2008). "The reliability of the twelve-item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12) under realistic assumptions". BMC Public Health. 8 (1): 355. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-355 . ISSN   1471-2458. PMC   2572064 . PMID   18854015.
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