General Steel Industries

Last updated
General Steel Industries, Inc.
Industry Foundry
Steel
Manufacturing
Defense
Founded1928 as General Steel Castings Corporation
Defunct1981
Headquarters Eddystone, Pennsylvania (1928 - 1948)
Granite City, Illinois (1948 - 1970?)
St. Louis, Missouri (1970? - 1981)

General Steel Industries, Inc. (GSI) was an American steel company founded as General Steel Castings Corporation in 1928. [1] The company's first headquarters were in Eddystone, Pennsylvania and, prior to completing its own modern steel foundry in 1930, acquired the operations of the Commonwealth Steel Company, a critical supplier to the rail industry. [1] [2]

Contents

An acquisition program to diversify from its core steel castings business of manufacturing large steel castings was initiated in the late 1950s and resulted in six divisions and one subsidiary by 1971. [3] The broader business portfolio allowed GSI to close the Castings Division, the company's only business prior to diversification, in 1973.

In 1974, GSI was operating 19 plants across the United States and internationally [4] and continued operating as an independent company until it was acquired by Lukens Steel in 1981. [5]

General Steel Castings

General Steel Castings Corp.'s logo (Also used to represent the Castings Division of General Steel Industries, Inc.) General Steel Industries Castings Division shield logo.jpg
General Steel Castings Corp.'s logo (Also used to represent the Castings Division of General Steel Industries, Inc.)

The General Steel Castings Corporation was a steel casting corporation in the United States established in 1928 [1] by the Baldwin Locomotive Works, American Locomotive Company, and American Steel Foundries. [6]

The company began construction on its new foundry and headquarters on 112 acres (45 ha), [7] in Eddystone, Pennsylvania near Baldwin Locomotive's facilities. [6] The new plant opened two years later, circa July 1930, and produced castings weighing from 100 to 110,000 pounds (45 to 49,895 kg). [8]

On July 30, 1929, the company completed its acquisition of the Commonwealth Steel Company and its plant in Granite City, Illinois. [2] Commonwealth Steel was a major supplier of large steel castings, used in products produced by General Steel's owners, such as one-piece locomotive beds 52 feet (15.85 m) long weighing approximately 40,500 pounds (18,400 kg) [9] and large cast steel underframes for railroad cars. By 1930 the company was making one-piece locomotive beds with integral cylinders and cradle, pilot beams, Delta trailer trucks, and water-bottom tenderframes that were over 87 feet (26.52 m) long. [10]

GSI truck on an Amtrak Pacific Surfliner passenger coach car. Surfliner GSI Truck.jpg
GSI truck on an Amtrak Pacific Surfliner passenger coach car.

As reported in The Commonwealther, "[t]he new Company, with larger resources and with two plants equipped to produce Commonwealth devices, will undoubtedly mean a better serving of the country with devices for the railroads and other customers. As stated by Mr. Howard [Commonwealth Steel's president, Clarence H. Howard  [ Wikidata ]]… the cooperation of the locomotive companies with us should mean a wider field of opportunities for our organization, our men, and our product." [2]

The company's first Board of Directors meeting, after the acquisition of Commonwealth Steel, was held on August 7, 1929 and included among the attendees the president of the Pullman Company, David A. Crawford, President William C. Dickerman of the American Locomotive Company, and President George H. Houston of the Baldwin Locomotive Company. Clarence Howard, the president of the Commonwealth Steel Company became Chairman of the Board of Directors and continued his duties at the Commonwealth Division of the now larger company. [2]

General Steel operated two plants, one in Eddystone, Pennsylvania and one in Granite City, Illinois. [11]

The company, initially using the products developed by Commonwealth Steel, specialized in large castings including tank armor and gun turrets, [12] locomotive frames and trucks.

Over the years, the company expanded into other industrial areas. On May 1, 1961, the company changed its name to reflect its diversified business portfolio and became General Steel Industries. [13]

Early history as General Steel Industries

General Steel Castings advertisement for cast steel locomotive frames. General Steel Castings advertisement.jpg
General Steel Castings advertisement for cast steel locomotive frames.

In 1929, General Steel Castings Corp. acquired the Commonwealth Steel Company, a Granite City, Illinois based maker of steel, steel castings, and railroad supplies that had been founded in 1901, [14] and had become a supplier to railroad companies. Commonwealth Steel had manufactured large cast steel bolsters for passenger cars for exhibit at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, [15] and designed and produced a one-piece locomotive bed in 1926. [16] By 1928, "practically all locomotives and passenger cars built in the United States" were using Commonwealth products. [1]

General Steel's purchase of Commonwealth included Commonwealth's foundry and its new General Office Building, completed in 1926, [17] both located at 1417 State Street, Granite City, Illinois. After the Commonwealth Steel acquisition, General Steel had two divisions, the Eddystone Division in Pennsylvania and the Commonwealth Division in Illinois. Only the Commonwealth Division was operational; the Eddystone Division's plant would not be completed until 1930. [2] The Illinois operation was commonly referred to as the "Commonwealth," and was located at 1417 State Street in Granite City. During World War II, the Commonwealth plant manufactured steel for armor and cast steel tank hulls and turrets, and employed approximately 5,200 people. [1] After the war, the company returned to manufacturing locomotive castings in Granite City and earth-moving equipment in Eddystone. [1]

Fortune magazine ranked the company 464, 481, and 441 in the magazine's Fortune 500 listing in 1962, 1963, and 1964, respectively. [18] [19] [20] Employees numbered 3,650 in 1962, 4,200 in 1963, and 4,400 in 1964. [18] [19] [20]

Expansion

In 1948, the company's headquarters was moved from Eddystone to Granite City. [1] In the mid-1950s, the company expanded its focus from steel castings products to a more diversified company through an acquisition program that included purchasing National Roll & Foundry Company in 1955, [16] St. Louis Car Company in June 1960, [21] Ludlow-Saylor Wire Cloth, Flex-O-Lite, Standard Pipeprotection, and Simplicity Engineering Corporation. [1] Standard Pipeprotection Division was created from a series of acquisitions. [22]

Recognizing the company had grown beyond its original business of manufacturing steel castings, the company changed its name to General Steel Industries, Incorporated on May 1, 1961. [16] The company's first two plants, the Eddystone plant and the Granite City plant, the acquired Commonwealth Steel facility, became the Castings Division, and both plants continued to produce large steel castings. For example, in 1961, the Eddystone plant provided 85% of the steel castings used in the Union Electric Company's new Taum Sauk hydroelectric power station near St. Louis, and produced railroad specialty products such as "the world's highest capacity flat car", weighing almost 75 tons, with a load limit of 300 tons. [23] The Granite City plant produced "engineered cast steel specialty products" for the railroad industry including one-piece locomotive beds, one-piece cast steel flat car underframes, and wear-resistant manganese steel casting, used in mining and crushing equipment and heavy-duty power shovels. [24]

In the 1950s, the company, then as General Steel Castings, introduced the Commonwealth 53' 6" flatcar that became one of the railroad industry's most commonly used flatcars during the 1950s and 1960s. [25] This flatcar remained in production, with only minor changes, into the early 1970s. [25]

At the Granite City plant, General Steel x-rayed uranium ingots for the Atomic Energy Commission from 1958 [26] through 1966 using two U.S. Government-owned Allis-Chalmers betatrons (Magnetic Induction Electron Accelerators) apparatuses on loan to the company. [27] The betatrons were still at the plant in late 1992 "in a building on the southern section of the plant property" [27] and the contamination from the use of the betatrons was determined to be "highly localized, confined to a few areas, and contained inside an unused building." [28] The building "had residual radioactive contamination until remediation in 1993." [29]

As a defense contractor, the company manufactured cast armor hulls and turrets for the U.S. Army M-60 medium tanks, produced at Granite City and Eddystone, as part of an $8 million contract awarded by Chrysler Corporation in 1961. [21]

By 1971, the Granite City plant had grown to be 127 acres (51 ha) with 42 acres (17 ha) under roof [1] and was bordered by the Madison city boundaries on the south, 16th Street on the north, State Street on the east, and the railroad tracks that run along Route 3 on the west.

Operating units and highlights

Castings DivisionPlants:
Granite City, Illinois;
Eddystone, Pennsylvania (until 1964)

Main Office:
Granite City, Illinois
(from 1948) [1]

Eddystone, Pennsylvania - the company's original headquarters, the plant produced castings for major industry including electric power, earthmoving equipment, shipbuilding, and some railroad products; [24]

Housed the company's Manufacturing Research Laboratory (completed in 1960); [30]

Operations consolidated at the Granite City plant in 1964 [1]

Granite City, Illinois (former Commonwealth plant) - In 1960, produced engineered cast steel specialty products for rail industry including one-piece cast steel flat car underframes, cast armor, and manganese wear-resistant steel castings used in mining and crushing equipment and powers shovels; [24]

In 1970, produced "massive, high-strength pressure castings for steam turbine electric power generating plants, both conventional and nuclear fueled," produced cast steel products for railroads, including trucks for diesel locomotives and rapid transit and commuter cars, and wear-resistant castings for earth-moving equipment; [3]

Plant grew to 127 acres (0.51 km2) with 42 acres (170,000 m2) under roof; [1]

Division discontinuance announced December 14, 1972 [31]

St. Louis Car DivisionPlant and Main Office:
St. Louis, Missouri
(acquired June 1960) [16]
Had been leading manufacturer of rail rapid transit equipment and produced specialized railroad cars such as commuter cars, chair and lounge cars, postal storage mail cars, baggage cars, and cabooses [32] and other products like aircraft loading bridges and passenger vehicles for airport transportation systems; [3]

Orders from the New York Transit Authority total over 1,800 subway cars; [33]

Company acquired on June 30, 1960 and merged into the parent company to become a division on January 1, 1962; [21]

Supplied the superstructures for the first group of 183 Vert-A-Pac automobile carriers in 1970 [34]

Division discontinuance announced December 14, 1972 [31] and all production ended in 1973 [35]

National Roll SteelPlant and Main Office: Avonmore, Pennsylvania [36]
(acquired in 1955) [16]
Manufactured cast iron and cast steel rolls, in a range of alloys, weighing from 500 to 100,000 pounds, custom-made for steel mills to reduce and shape; [37]

In 1974 was the company's largest division [38] after the closure of the St. Louis Car division in 1973.

Market Share of roll market: 1955: 2.7%; 1974 14.1%; [4]

The plant had 4 acres (16,000 m2) under roof and could ship 2,000 tons of plain and grooved rolls each month. [4]

Flex-O-Lite DivisionPlant and Main Office:
St. Louis, Missouri
Other plants: Paris, Texas; Keyser, West Virginia; DeSoto, Missouri; Canada; and West Germany [36]
Manufactured reflective glass products for highway and traffic safety; optical glass spheres for reflective sheeting; reflective line marking tape; Loc-Lens reflective sheeting; reflective paints; glass beads for industrial metal finishing and treatment [37]
Ludlow-Saylor Wire Cloth DivisionPlant and Main Office:
St. Louis, Missouri
Other plants: City of Industry, California and in Oakland, California operating as Star Wire Screen [36]
Manufactured woven metallic wire cloths and wire screen products ranging from .003-inch wire to 1-inch (25 mm) rod used in mining, crushing, petrochemical, construction, and food processing industries to grade, filter, sift, or classify product [37]
Standard Pipeprotection DivisionPlant and Main Office:
St. Louis, Missouri
Other plants: Alton, Illinois; Houston, Texas; Pittsburg, California; Kearny, New Jersey; Lorain, Ohio; and Hammond, Indiana [36]
Created by a series of acquisitions, the division manufactured protective coatings for gas, oil, and water pipelines and extruded plastic pipe for gas distribution and other pipeline installations [22]
Simplicity Engineering CompanyPlant and Main Office: Durand, Michigan [36]
Canadian plant:
Guelph, Ontario [39]
Manufactured screening, crushing, and conveying equipment for processing and grading sand, gravel, crushed stone, and of foundry shakeout equipment
GSI Engineering DivisionBased in Granite City, IllinoisThe only non-manufacturing unit, started in 1973, engineered and designed railcar, locomotive trucks and suspension systems, provided consulting services to the transportation industry, and assumed the responsibility for licensing the company's products. [40]

Discontinued operations

In 1964, declining demand for large steel castings and excess capacity from operating two foundries led the company to consolidate the Castings Division's operations at its Granite City plant at 1417 State Street in Granite City, Illinois. [1] The Eddystone plant was sold to the Vertol Co. (now Boeing) and converted to the manufacture of helicopters and aviation components. The plant is still in use as of 2014.

Fortunes for both the St. Louis Car Division and the Castings Division began to fade in the mid-1960s. "The smooth, comfortable ride of the modern railroad passenger car is the direct result of General Steel's historic development of new designs of trucks with cast steel frames and bolsters" [16] but the development of new designs would at least partially result in the end of St. Louis Car. In 1970, St. Louis Car won two large fixed-price contracts for rapid transit and commuter cars but "the complexity of new engineering and manufacturing techniques for cars of such advanced design was underestimated" leading to recording a charge of $6,400,000 in 1971 for the expected loss on fulfilling the orders. [41] As the company's largest division at the time, [42] losses at St. Louis Car sank the entire enterprise's net income into the red. At the Castings Division, the Granite City plant improved production efficiency and lowered its breakeven point but a strike from November 20, 1971 to January 17, 1972 completely halted production. [37]

General Steel Industries, Inc. Castings Division's Granite City, Illinois plant, circa 1970 General Steel Industries Granite City IL Plant Aerial View.jpg
General Steel Industries, Inc. Castings Division's Granite City, Illinois plant, circa 1970

On December 14, 1972, management announced the company's Castings Division and its St. Louis Car Division were to be closed, and after the delivery of pending orders, the divisions' assets were to be liquidated (expected to occur in 1973). [31] The reasons stated to discontinue operations at the two divisions included significant losses and competitive pressure. St. Louis Car incurred losses for seven of the previous eight years and "GSI lacks the financial resources needed to compete with several much larger companies which recently entered the transit car building industry." [43]

The Castings Division had not produced satisfactory earnings for five years, lost approximately $3 million in 1972, and "was not competitive in most of its major markets and there were no prospects for future improvement of its position." [43] The company recorded a charge of $31,173,000 for the anticipated cost of discontinuing the unprofitable divisions. [31] The closing of the Castings Division ended the company's manufacture of steel castings, products the company had been producing since its founding. The five remaining operating units were: National Roll, Flex-O-Lite, Ludlow-Saylor Wire Cloth Division, Standard Pipeprotection, and Simplicity Engineering Company (a subsidiary).

General Steel continued operations at the Granite City plant until orders, pending at the time of the December 1972 announcement of the Castings Division's closing, were completed. The property at 1417 State Street, Granite City, Illinois was purchased by Granite City Steel, a subsidiary of National Steel Corporation, [29] in 1974 [44] and the property became known as the South Plant. Granite City Steel likely occupied the facility until the parent company's bankruptcy liquidation in 2003. [45]

In 1971, General Steel's corporate offices were at One Memorial Drive, St. Louis, Missouri. In 1973, the company's offices had moved to 8474 Delport Drive (8400 Midland Blvd.), also in St. Louis, and the concern launched a new consulting services division, GSI Engineering, to design railcar and locomotive trucks and suspension systems, and to manage the licensing of company products that were in service in 50 countries. [46]

Less than a decade later, when General Steel was acquired by Lukens Steel in 1981 [5] for $66 million, [47] it was a producer of steel, crushing and conveying equipment, reflective highway signs, and protective coatings for oil and gas pipelines. [47]

Castings Division Plant remains

By October 2009, most of the buildings at the former General Steel plant, including the old Commonwealth foundry at 1417 State Street, Granite City, Illinois had been demolished. About half of the General Office Building, built by Commonwealth Steel in 1926, remains standing. On the north end of the property, there are still several buildings in use.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Granite City, Illinois</span> City in Illinois, United States

Granite City is a city in Madison County, Illinois, United States, within the Greater St. Louis metropolitan area. The population was 27,549 at the 2020 census, making it the third-largest city in the Metro East and Southern Illinois regions, behind Belleville and O'Fallon. Officially founded in 1896, Granite City was named by the Niedringhaus brothers, William and Frederick, who established it as a steel making company town for the manufacture of graniteware kitchen utensils.

The Pennsylvania Railroad, legal name The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, also known as the "Pennsy", was an American Class I railroad that was established in 1846 and headquartered in Philadelphia. It was named for the commonwealth in which it was established. At its peak in 1882, the Pennsylvania Railroad was the largest railroad, the largest transportation enterprise, and the largest corporation in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paccar</span> American commercial vehicles and heavy equipment manufacturing company

Paccar Inc is an American company primarily focused on the design and manufacturing of large commercial trucks through its subsidiaries DAF, Kenworth and Peterbilt sold across markets worldwide. The company is headquartered in Bellevue, Washington, in the Seattle metropolitan area, and was founded in 1971 as the successor to the Pacific Car and Foundry Company, from which it draws its name. The company traces its predecessors to the Seattle Car Manufacturing Company formed in 1905. In addition to its principal business, the company also has a parts division, a financial services segment, and manufactures and markets industrial winches. The company's stock is a component of the Nasdaq-100 and S&P 500 stock market indices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baldwin Locomotive Works</span> American manufacturer of railroad locomotives from 1825 to 1956

Baldwin Locomotive Works (BLW) was an American manufacturer of railway locomotives from 1825 to 1951. Originally located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, it moved to nearby Eddystone in the early 20th century. The company was for decades the world's largest producer of steam locomotives, but struggled to compete when demand switched to diesel locomotives. Baldwin produced the last of its 70,000-plus locomotives in 1951, before merging with the Lima-Hamilton Corporation on September 11, 1951, to form the Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corporation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geo D. Whitcomb Company</span> Former American locomotive manufacturer

The Geo D. Whitcomb Company was founded by George Dexter Whitcomb (1834–1914), of Chicago, Illinois, who started a modest machine shop in 1878, and began the manufacture of coal mining machinery, laying the foundation for the concern that became known as The Whitcomb Locomotive Company.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Illinois Central Railroad</span> American railroad

The Illinois Central Railroad, sometimes called the Main Line of Mid-America, was a railroad in the Central United States, with its primary routes connecting Chicago, Illinois, with New Orleans, Louisiana, and Mobile, Alabama, and thus, the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. A line also connected Chicago west to Sioux City, Iowa (1870). There was a significant branch to Omaha, Nebraska (1899), west of Fort Dodge, Iowa, and another branch reaching Sioux Falls, South Dakota (1877), starting from Cherokee, Iowa. The IC also serviced Miami, Florida, on trackage owned by other railroads.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Car and Foundry Company</span> Manufacturer of railroad rolling stock

ACF Industries, originally the American Car and Foundry Company, is an American manufacturer of railroad rolling stock. One of its subsidiaries was once (1925–54) a manufacturer of motor coaches and trolley coaches under the brand names of (first) ACF and (later) ACF-Brill. Today, the company is known as ACF Industries LLC and is based in St. Charles, Missouri. It is owned by investor Carl Icahn.

The St. Louis Car Company was a major United States manufacturer of railroad passenger cars, streetcars, interurbans, trolleybuses and locomotives that existed from 1887 to 1974, based in St. Louis, Missouri.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Budd Company</span> United States historic place

The Budd Company was a 20th-century metal fabricator, a major supplier of body components to the automobile industry, and a manufacturer of stainless steel passenger rail cars, airframes, missile and space vehicles, and various defense products.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Standard Steel Car Company</span> Rolling stock manufacturer

The Standard Steel Car Company (SSC) was a manufacturer of railroad rolling stock in the United States that existed between 1902 and 1934.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Illinois Terminal Railroad</span> Heavy duty interurban electric railroad in Illinois, US

The Illinois Terminal Railroad Company, known as the Illinois Traction System until 1937, was a heavy duty interurban electric railroad with extensive passenger and freight business in central and southern Illinois from 1896 to 1956. When Depression era Illinois Traction was in financial distress and had to reorganize, the Illinois Terminal name was adopted to reflect the line's primary money making role as a freight interchange link to major steam railroads at its terminal ends, Peoria, Danville, and St. Louis. Interurban passenger service slowly was reduced, ending in 1956. Freight operation continued but was hobbled by tight street running in some towns requiring very sharp radius turns. In 1956, ITC was absorbed by a consortium of connecting railroads.

Buckeye Steel Castings was a Columbus, Ohio steelmaker best known today for its longtime president, Samuel P. Bush, who was the grandfather of President George H. W. Bush and great-grandfather of President George W. Bush.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monticello Railway Museum</span>

The Monticello Railway Museum is a non-profit railroad museum located in Monticello, Illinois, about 18 miles west of Champaign, IL. It is home to over 100 pieces of railroad equipment, including several restored diesel locomotives and cars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Foundry Society</span>

The American Foundry Society (AFS) is a professional, technical and trade association for foundries and the broader metal casting industry. The society promotes the interests of foundries to policymakers, provides training for foundry workers, and supports research and technological advancements in foundry science and manufacturing.

The Standard Steel Casting Company, commonly referred to as Thurlow Works, was a steel production and steel casting facility founded in Chester, Pennsylvania in 1883 by shipbuilder John Roach. The company was established primarily to supply steel ingots for Roach's steel mills, which included the Chester Rolling Mill and the Combination Steel and Iron Company, although it also manufactured steel castings. Standard Steel was the first company in the United States to manufacture commercial quantities of steel utilizing the acid open hearth process.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crab Orchard and Egyptian Railway</span>

The Crab Orchard and Egyptian Railway is a Class III common carrier shortline railroad that operates in the cities of Marion and Herrin in the Southern Illinois region. It is most historically recognized by the FRA for being the last U.S. railroad of any kind to use steam locomotives exclusively in regular revenue freight service up until March 1986.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Commonwealth Steel Company</span>

The Commonwealth Steel Company was an American steel company based in Granite City, Illinois, founded in 1901 "by some of the young men who had helped establish the American Steel Foundry". The company produced steel castings and railroad supplies at its 10-acre (4-hectare) plant, employing about 1,500 people.

Janney couplers are a semi-automatic form of railway coupling that allow rail cars and locomotives to be securely linked together without rail workers having to get between the vehicles. They are also known as American, AAR, APT, ARA, MCB, knuckle, Buckeye, tightlock, Henricot or Centre Buffer Couplers.

Midland-Ross Co. was an American steel, aerospace products, electronics, and automobile components manufacturer which existed from 1894 to 1986.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 no author listed (committee) (1971). 75th Year Celebration of the City of Granite City, Illinois. Granite City, Illinois: Tri-City Printing Company for the Granite City Jubilee 1896 - 1971. p. 85.{{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 The Commonwealther, August 1929 (Commonwealth Steel Company, 1929), p. 3
  3. 1 2 3 General Steel Industries, Inc., 1971 Annual Report, p. 4
  4. 1 2 3 General Steel Industries, Inc., 1974 Annual Report, p. 2
  5. 1 2 "General Steel Pact Approved". The New York Times. December 17, 1981.
  6. 1 2 The Commonwealther, April 1929 (Commonwealth Steel Company, 1929), p. 8
  7. The Commonwealther, September 1930 (Commonwealth Steel Company, 1930), p. 6
  8. The Commonwealther, September 1930 (Commonwealth Steel Company, 1930), p. 5
  9. The Commonwealther, July–August 1926 (Commonwealth Steel Company, 1926), p. 14
  10. The Commonwealther, April 1930 (Commonwealth Steel Company, 1930), p. 7
  11. Spoelstra, H.L. "Foundry Symbols and Trademarks". Sherman Register. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
  12. Listing of certificates granted. Revenue Revision of 1951, hearings, 82nd Congress, p. 2704.
  13. Flagg, James S.; Madison County Sesquicentennial Committee (1962). Our 150 Years, 1812 - 1962: In Commemoration of the Madison County Sesquicentennial. Edwardsville, Illinois: East 10 Publishing Company, Inc. p. 53.
  14. Granite City – A Pictorial History (G. Bradley Publishing, Inc., 1995), p. 49
  15. no author listed (committee) (1971). 75th Year Celebration of the City of Granite City, Illinois. Granite City, Illinois: Tri-City Printing Company for the Granite City Jubilee 1896 - 1971. p. 84.{{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Flagg, James S.; Madison County Sesquicentennial Committee (1962). Our 150 Years, 1812 - 1962: In Commemoration of the Madison County Sesquicentennial. Edwardsville, Illinois: East 10 Publishing Company, Inc. p. 53.
  17. The Commonwealther, February 1926 (Commonwealth Steel Company, 1926), p. 11
  18. 1 2 "Fortune 500: 1962". Fortune. 1962. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  19. 1 2 "Fortune 500: 1963". Fortune. 1963. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  20. 1 2 "Fortune 500: 1964". Fortune. 1964. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  21. 1 2 3 General Steel Industries, Inc., 1961 Annual Report, p. 3
  22. 1 2 General Steel Industries, Inc., 1972 Annual Report, p. 3
  23. General Steel Industries, Inc., 1961 Annual Report, p. 11
  24. 1 2 3 General Steel Industries, Inc., 1961 Annual Report, p. 10
  25. 1 2 Wilson, Jeff (2005). The Model Railroader's Guide to Freight Cars. Waukesha, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Publishing Company. p. 65. ISBN   0-89024-585-1 . Retrieved January 9, 2011.
  26. The date is 1953 according to the November 7, 2007 U.S. Department of Labor - Employment Standards Administration (ESA) - Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP) - Division of Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation (DEEOIC) circular EEOICPA Circular No. 08-02 but the date is 1958 according to the Sept. 1991 Dept. of Energy Memorandum "Results of the Radiological Survey at the Granite City Steel Facility, Granite City, Illinois", p. 1
  27. 1 2 "Results of the Radiological Survey at the Granite City Steel Facility, Granite City, Illinois", Department of Energy Memorandum (September 1991), , p. 1
  28. "Results of the Radiological Survey at the Granite City Steel Facility, Granite City, Illinois", Department of Energy Memorandum (September 1991), , p. 3
  29. 1 2 "EEOICPA CIRCULAR NO. 08-02". U.S. Department of Labor - Employment Standards Administration (ESA) - Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP) - Division of Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation (DEEOIC). November 1, 2007. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
  30. General Steel Industries, Inc., 1961 Annual Report, p. 4
  31. 1 2 3 4 General Steel Industries, Inc., 1972 Annual Report, p. 8
  32. General Steel Industries, Inc., 1961 Annual Report, p. 9
  33. General Steel Industries, Inc., 1961 Annual Report, p. 8
  34. Railway Locomotives and Cars, November, 1970, p. 16
  35. General Steel Industries, Inc., 1973 Annual Report, p. 10
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 General Steel Industries, Inc., 1971 Annual Report, p. 5
  37. 1 2 3 4 General Steel Industries, Inc., 1972 Annual Report, p. 2
  38. General Steel Industries, Inc., 1974 Annual Report, p. 1
  39. General Steel Industries, Inc., 1973 Annual Report, p. 13
  40. General Steel Industries, Inc., 1974 Annual Report, p. 17
  41. General Steel Industries, Inc., 1971 Annual Report, p. 9
  42. General Steel Industries, Inc., 1971 Annual Report, p. 3
  43. 1 2 General Steel Industries, Inc., 1972 Annual Report, p. 1
  44. Madison County Recorders Office Archived 2010-01-11 at the Wayback Machine http://reweb1.co.madison.il.us/Forms/search.aspx parcel number 21-1-19-24-18-301-002
  45. "National Steel Corporation Snapshot, NSTLQ Details". Business Week. n.d. Archived from the original on March 8, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2009.
  46. General Steel Industries, Inc., 1973 Annual Report, p. 4
  47. 1 2 "Lukens, Inc". Funding Universe. n.d. Retrieved November 6, 2009.

39°51′36″N75°20′16″W / 39.8599°N 75.3377°W / 39.8599; -75.3377