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Neo-Nazism comprises the post–World War II militant, social, and political movements that seek to revive and reinstate Nazi ideology. Neo-Nazis employ their ideology to promote hatred and racial supremacy, to attack racial and ethnic minorities, and in some cases to create a fascist state.
The British Movement (BM), later called the British National Socialist Movement (BNSM), is a British neo-Nazi organisation founded by Colin Jordan in 1968. It grew out of the National Socialist Movement (NSM), which was founded in 1962. Frequently on the margins of the British far-right, the BM has had a long and chequered history for its association with violence and extremism. It was founded as a political party but manifested itself more as a pressure and activist group. It has had spells of dormancy.
Strasserism is a strand of Nazism, which adheres to revolutionary nationalism combined with anti-capitalism and economic antisemitism. It calls for a more radical, mass-action and worker-based movement in order to implement "anti-capitalist social revolution" along with "national revolution". Strasserism derived its name from Gregor and Otto Strasser, two brothers initially associated with this position. Originally leading a left-wing faction within NSDAP, Otto Strasser created Black Front after being expelled from Germany in 1930. Strasserism allegedly had a considerable support among SA, which led to Strasserists being purged by Adolf Hitler during the Night of the Long Knives, with Gregor Strasser being murdered. In 1980s, Strasserism again began to play an active role in politics after it found support among some leading members of the National Front party in the UK.
Column 88 was a neo-Nazi paramilitary organisation based in the United Kingdom. It was formed in the early 1970s, and disbanded in the early 1980s. The members of Column 88 undertook military training under the supervision of a former Royal Marine Commando, and also held regular gatherings attended by neo-nazis from all over Europe. The name is code: the eighth letter of the alphabet 'HH' represents the Nazi greeting 'Heil Hitler'. Journalist Martin Walker described Column 88 as a "shadow paramilitary Nazi group".
Martin Guy Alan Webster is a British neo-nazi, a former leading figure on the far-right in the United Kingdom. An early member of the National Labour Party, he was John Tyndall's closest ally, and followed him in joining the original British National Party, the National Socialist Movement and the Greater Britain Movement. Webster also spent time in prison for helping to organise a paramilitary organisation, Spearhead, and was convicted under the Public Order Act 1936. Rumours of his homosexuality led to him becoming vilified in far-right circles, and he quietly disappeared from the political scene.
Michael Kühnen was a leader in the German neo-Nazi movement. He was one of the first post-World War II Germans to openly embrace Nazism and call for the formation of a Fourth Reich. He enacted a policy of setting up several differently named groups in an effort to confuse German authorities, who were attempting to shut down neo-Nazi groups. Kühnen's homosexuality was made public in 1986, and he died of HIV-related complications in 1991.
The Russian National Union was a Neo-Nazi party in Russia. The party should not be confused with Russian National Unity, a larger group with similar roots, although with no direct connection.
Christian Worch is a prominent German neo-Nazi activist and chairman of the far-right political party Die Rechte.
The Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists was a West German neo-Nazi organization founded in 1977 by Michael Kühnen under the name "Action Front of National Socialists" (ANS). It was based around a group of young neo-Nazis in Hamburg. Upon founding the group Kühnen declared "we are a revolutionary party dedicated to restoring the values of the Third Reich" and adopted a version of the Nazi flag in which the swastika was reversed, with the spaces black and the actual cross blending into the background, as their organization's emblem. He sought to link his movement with other groups, by seeking links with Waffen-SS veterans organisations, sending a delegation to the Order of Flemish Militants-organised international neo-Nazi rallies in Diksmuide and working closely with the Wiking-Jugend.
The French and European Nationalist Party was a French nationalist militant organization active between 1987 and 1999. Led by Claude Cornilleau until 1996, its slogan was "France first, white always". It had around a thousand sympathizers at its height.
The Nationalist Front was a minor German neo-Nazi group active during the 1980s.
The Free German Workers' Party was a neo-Nazi political party in Germany. It was outlawed by the Federal Constitutional Court in 1995.
Friedhelm Busse was a German neo-Nazi politician and activist. In a career taking in some six decades Busse established himself as a leading voice of German neo-Nazism.
The German Alternative was a minor neo-nazi group set up in Germany by Michael Kühnen in 1989.
Bela Ewald Althans is a German former neo-Nazi. Once the leading organiser in Germany's neo-Nazi underground, Althans left the movement following his imprisonment in the 1990s, and is no longer involved in politics.
Gottfried Küssel is an Austrian far-right political activist who also gained some notoriety in Germany. He has been a leading figure in neo-Nazism and Holocaust denial since the 1970s.
Gerhard Rex Lauck is an American neo-Nazi activist and publisher. Based in Lincoln, Nebraska, he is sometimes nicknamed the "Farm Belt Fuehrer" due to his rural origins.
The New Order (NO) is a German neo-Nazi group recruited from both the Reichbürger movement and armed neo-Nazism. The founder and head of the group is neo-Nazi Meinolf Schönborn. In 2013, the federal prosecutor's office in Karlsruhe investigated members of the NO for founding a terrorist organization.
The Combat League of German Socialists short-form: KDS, was a German Querfront and neo-Nazi organization founded on the 1 May 1999 and dissolved in 2008.
References
- ↑ Peter James, Modern Germany: Politics, Society and Culture, Routledge, 1998, p. 134
- 1 2 Hermann Kurthen, Werner Bergmann, Rainer Erb, Antisemitism and Xenophobia in Germany after Unification, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 166
- 1 2 Irving v. Lipstadt Defence Documents
- 1 2 3 Bernd Baumgartl, Adrian Favell, New Xenophobia in Europe, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995, p. 23
- 1 2 Cyprian Blamires, World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1, p. 369
- ↑ Martin A. Lee, The Beast Reawakens , 1997, p. 253