Discovery [1] | |
---|---|
Discovered by | Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search |
Discovery site | Haute-Provence Observatory |
Discovery date | 4 April 2001 [2] |
Radial velocity | |
Orbital characteristics [3] | |
Apastron | 0.8821 AU (131,960,000 km) |
Periastron | 0.0309 AU (4,620,000 km) |
0.4565 ± 0.0053 AU (68,290,000 ± 790,000 km) | |
Eccentricity | 0.93226+0.00064 −0.00069 |
111.43670±0.00040 d | |
Average orbital speed | 8.8 km/s – 47.3 km/s [notes 1] |
Inclination | 89.232°±0.029° |
2,454,424.857 ± 0.05 [4] | |
301.03°+0.20° −0.19° | |
Semi-amplitude | 474.9+2.5 −2.7 m/s |
Star | HD 80606 |
Physical characteristics [3] | |
Mean radius | 1.003±0.023 RJ |
Mass | 4.116+0.097 −0.100 MJ |
Mean density | 5.06+0.38 −0.35 g/cm3 |
9.6 g | |
93+85 −35 h [5] | |
Temperature | <500 - 1400 K [5] |
HD 80606 b (also Struve 1341 Bb or HIP 45982 b) is an eccentric hot Jupiter 217 light-years from the Sun in the constellation of Ursa Major. HD 80606 b was discovered orbiting the star HD 80606 in April 2001 by a team led by Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz. [2] With a mass 4 times that of Jupiter, it is a gas giant. Because the planet transits the host star its radius can be determined using the transit method, and was found to be about the same as Jupiter's. Its density is slightly less than Earth's. [6] It has an extremely eccentric orbit like a comet, with its orbit taking it very close to its star and then back out very far away from it every 111 days. [7]
The variable radial velocity of HD 80606 was first noticed in 1999 from observations with the 10-m Keck 1 telescope at the W. M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii by the G-Dwarf Planet Search, a survey of nearly 1000 nearby G dwarfs to identify extrasolar planet candidates. The star was then followed up by the Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search team using the ELODIE spectrograph mounted on the 1.93-m telescope at the Haute-Provence Observatory. The discovery of HD 80606 b was announced on 4 April 2001. [2] [1]
The transit was detected using a Celestron 35-cm Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope at the UCL Observatory. [6] Prior to the large data release of the Kepler Mission in February 2011, HD 80606 b had the longest orbital period of any known transiting planet. It takes 12.1 hours to transit its star.
The transit of 14 January 2010 was partially observed by MOST; but there were equipment failures over part of this time, and the 8 January secondary transit was entirely lost. [8] The midpoint of the next transit was 1 February 2013 11:37 UT. [9]
HD 80606 b has the most eccentric orbit of any known planet after HD 20782 b. Its eccentricity is 0.9336, comparable to Halley's Comet. The eccentricity may be a result of the Kozai mechanism, which would occur if the planet's orbit is significantly inclined to that of the binary stars. This interpretation is supported by measurements of the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect, which indicate that the planet's orbit may be significantly inclined (by 42±8°) [10] [11] to the rotational axis of the star, a configuration which would be expected if the Kozai mechanism were responsible for the orbit. [4]
As a result of this high eccentricity, the planet's distance from its star varies from 0.03 to 0.88 AU. At apastron it would receive an insolation similar to that of Earth, while at periastron the insolation would be around 800 times greater, far more than that experienced by Mercury in the Solar System. In 2009, the eclipse of HD 80606 b by its parent star was detected, allowing measurements of the planet's temperature to be made as the planet passed through periastron. These measurements indicated that the temperature rose from around 800 K (500 °C / 1000 °F) to 1500 K (1200 °C / 2200 °F) in just 6 hours. [12]
An observer above the cloud tops of the gas giant would see the parent star swell to 30 times the apparent size of the Sun in our own sky. [13]
The planet's rotation period has been measured to be 93+85
−35 hours, longer than the predicted pseudo-synchronous rotation period of 40 hours. [5]
The planet has wild variations in its weather as it orbits its parent star. Computer models predict the planet heats up 555 K (1,000 °F ) in just a matter of hours, triggering "shock wave storms" that ripple out from the point facing its star, with winds that move at around 5 kilometres per second (3.1 mi/s; 11,000 mph). [12] [14]
HD 209458 b is an exoplanet that orbits the solar analog HD 209458 in the constellation Pegasus, some 157 light-years from the Solar System. The radius of the planet's orbit is 0.047 AU, or one-eighth the radius of Mercury's orbit. This small radius results in a year that is 3.5 Earth-days long and an estimated surface temperature of about 1,000 °C. Its mass is 220 times that of Earth and its volume is some 2.5 times greater than that of Jupiter. The high mass and volume of HD 209458 b indicate that it is a gas giant.
HD 209458 is an 8th-magnitude star in the constellation Pegasus. It is a G0V star, and is thus very similar to the Sun. Because it is located at a distance of 157 light-years, it is not visible to the unaided eye. With good binoculars or a small telescope it should be easily detectable.
HD 179949 is a 6th magnitude star in the constellation of Sagittarius. It is a yellow-white dwarf, a type of star hotter and more luminous than the Sun. The star is located about 90 light years from Earth and might be visible under exceptionally good conditions to an experienced observer without technical aid; usually binoculars are needed.
HD 20367 is a star in the constellation of Aries, close to the border with the Perseus constellation. It is a yellow-white hued star that is a challenge to view with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 6.40. Based upon parallax measurements, it is located 85 light years from the Sun. It is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +6.5 km/s. Based upon its movement through space, it is a candidate member of the Ursa Major Moving Group of co-moving stars that probably share a common origin.
HD 189733, also catalogued as V452 Vulpeculae, is a binary star system 64.5 light-years away in the constellation of Vulpecula. The primary star is suspected to be an orange dwarf star, while the secondary star is a red dwarf star. Given that this system has the same visual magnitude as HD 209458, it promises much for the study of close transiting extrasolar planets. The star can be found with binoculars 0.3 degrees east of the Dumbbell Nebula (M27).
HD 1237 is a binary star system approximately 57 light-years away in the constellation of Hydrus.
HD 80606 and HD 80607 are two stars comprising a binary star system. They are approximately 217 light-years away in the constellation of Ursa Major. Both stars orbit each other at an average distance of 1,200 astronomical units. The binary system is listed as Struve 1341 in the Struve Catalogue of Double Stars; however, this designation is not in wide use and the system is usually referred to by the HD designations of its constituent stars. An extrasolar planet has been confirmed to orbit HD 80606 in a highly elliptical orbit.
16 Cygni Bb or HD 186427 b is an extrasolar planet approximately 69 light-years away in the constellation of Cygnus. The planet was discovered orbiting the Sun-like star 16 Cygni B, one of two solar-mass (M☉) components of the triple star system 16 Cygni in 1996. It orbits its star once every 799 days and was the first eccentric Jupiter and planet in a double star system to be discovered. The planet is abundant in lithium.
HD 185269 is a stellar triple system approximately 170 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus. It is easily visible to binoculars, but not the naked eye.
HD 17156, named Nushagak by the IAU, is a yellow subgiant star approximately 255 light-years away in the constellation of Cassiopeia. The apparent magnitude is 8.17, which means it is not visible to the naked eye but can be seen with good binoculars. A search for a binary companion star using adaptive optics at the MMT Observatory was negative.
HD 189733 b is an exoplanet in the constellation of Vulpecula approximately 64.5 light-years away from our Solar System. Astronomers in France discovered the planet orbiting the star HD 189733 on October 5, 2005, by observing its transit across the star's face. With a mass 11.2% higher than that of Jupiter and a radius 11.4% greater, HD 189733 b orbits its host star once every 2.2 days at an orbital speed of 152.0 kilometers per second, making it a hot Jupiter with poor prospects for extraterrestrial life.
Gliese 86 is a K-type main-sequence star approximately 35 light-years away in the constellation of Eridanus. It has been confirmed that a white dwarf orbits the primary star. In 1998 the European Southern Observatory announced that an extrasolar planet was orbiting the star.
HD 40307 b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 40307, located 42 light-years away in the direction of the southern constellation Pictor. The planet was discovered by the radial velocity method, using the European Southern Observatory's HARPS apparatus, in June 2008. It is the second smallest of the planets orbiting the star, after HD 40307 e. The planet is of interest as this star has relatively low metallicity, supporting a hypothesis that different metallicities in protostars determine what kind of planets they will form.
HD 17156 b, named Mulchatna by the IAU, is an extrasolar planet approximately 255 light-years away in the constellation of Cassiopeia. The planet was discovered orbiting the yellow subgiant star HD 17156 in April 2007. The planet is classified as a relatively cool hot Jupiter planet slightly smaller than Jupiter but slightly larger than Saturn. This highly-eccentric three-week orbit takes it approximately 0.0523 AU of the star at periastron before swinging out to approximately 0.2665 AU at apastron. Its eccentricity is about the same as 16 Cygni Bb, a so-called "eccentric Jupiter". Until 2009, HD 17156 b was the transiting planet with the longest orbital period.
HAT-P-4 is a wide binary star consisting of a pair of G-type main-sequence stars in the constellation of Boötes. It is also designated BD+36°2593.
XO-2 is a binary star. It consists of two components: XO-2S and XO-2N, both of which has two known exoplanets.
Leonhard Euler Telescope, or the Swiss EULER Telescope, is a national, fully automatic 1.2-metre (47 in) reflecting telescope, built and operated by the Geneva Observatory. It is located at an altitude of 2,375 m (7,792 ft) at ESO's La Silla Observatory site in the Chilean Norte Chico region, about 460 kilometers north of Santiago de Chile. The telescope, which saw its first light on 12 April 1998, is named after Swiss mathematician Leonhard Paul Euler.
CoRoT-1 is a yellow dwarf main sequence star similar to the Sun. The star is located approximately 2,630 light-years away in the constellation of Monoceros. The apparent magnitude of this star is 13.6, which means it is not visible to the naked eye; however, it can be seen through a medium-sized amateur telescope on a clear, dark night. The first exoplanet discovered in the course of the CoRoT mission orbits this star; it is considered to be a "hot Jupiter", and is approximately as massive as the planet Jupiter itself.
HD 15082 is a star located roughly 399 light years away in the northern constellation of Andromeda. The star is a Delta Scuti variable and a planetary transit variable. A hot Jupiter type extrasolar planet, named WASP-33b or HD 15082b, orbits this star with an orbital period of 1.22 days. It is the first Delta Scuti variable known to host a planet.
An exoplanet is a planet located outside the Solar System. The first evidence of an exoplanet was noted as early as 1917, but was not recognized as such until 2016; no planet discovery has yet come from that evidence. What turned out to be the first detection of an exoplanet was published among a list of possible candidates in 1988, though not confirmed until 2003. The first confirmed detection came in 1992, with the discovery of terrestrial-mass planets orbiting the pulsar PSR B1257+12. The first confirmation of an exoplanet orbiting a main-sequence star was made in 1995, when a giant planet was found in a four-day orbit around the nearby star 51 Pegasi. Some exoplanets have been imaged directly by telescopes, but the vast majority have been detected through indirect methods, such as the transit method and the radial-velocity method. As of 1 November 2023, there are 5,521 confirmed exoplanets in 4,070 planetary systems, with 885 systems having more than one planet. This is a list of the most notable discoveries.
Media related to HD 80606 b at Wikimedia Commons