Harrison Audio Consoles is an international company based in Nashville, Tennessee that manufactures high-end mixing consoles, Digital Audio Workstations (DAW), audio plugins, and other audio technologies for the post-production, video production, broadcast, sound reinforcement and music recording industries. The company is renowned as an industry innovation for its "in-line" mixing console design that has subsequently become the standard for nearly every large-format music console. Over 1,500 Harrison consoles have been installed worldwide, presenting a significant percentage of the overall world market share for high-end audio consoles. The company founder, Dave Harrison, was inducted as a Fellow in the Audio Engineering Society for this technical contribution of the recording industry and in particular the first 32-bus "in-line" console.
Dave Harrison came to the recording industry after working for 5 years in recording equipment retail. In the early 1970s he acquired a dealership for Music Center Incorporated (MCI), then a manufacturer of tape recorder and record electronics equipment. In 1972 he approached MCI's CEO Jeep Harned with a concept for an in-line mixing console that simplified the incorporation of multitrack recorders into a console signal path. The Harrison-designed MCI JH-400 series console was the world's first commercially available in-line console.[1] Realizing the importance of his innovation to multitrack production in both the recording and film industries, Harrison established the manufacturing company, Harrison Consoles.
During the first decade of its existence, Harrison Consoles produced a series of popular consoles for the film, music, and broadcast TV markets, beginning in 1975 with its first product, the Harrison 3232, and the first 32 series product. This was followed by the PP-1 film console, the MR-2, MR-3, and MR-4 music recording consoles, the TV-3, TV-4 broadcast consoles, the HM-5 live console, the Raven music recording console, and the Air-7/Pro-7 broadcast and production consoles. These fully-analog console designs continued into the 1990s, while the digital revolution was taking place. During this period of rapid digital development, Harrison still continued to produce analog consoles (often with some digital elements) such as the AIR 790/PRO 790 broadcast and production consoles, AP-100 on-air production console, the MR-20 music console, the industry workhorse TV-950 and Pro-950 production consoles, and finally the TV5.1 surround-capable broadcast console.
Harrison SeriesTEN - World's first digitally controlled analog console.
In 1985 Harrison introduced its SeriesTen, the world's first digitally-controlled analog mixer with console automation. The SeriesTen used only 3 knobs above each channel strip to "page" between various functions of the console. By separating the knob from the actual audio signal, it was possible to instantly save and recall the settings of the console, without mechanically turning the knobs on the surface. At the time this was unheard of, but it has now become a ubiquitous feature of every digital console on the market. Perhaps proving that the SeriesTen was ahead of its time, many SeriesTen consoles were still in use in 2009.
ABBA installed a Harrison console at their Polar Studios where they recorded many of their biggest hits.[1] The a capella introduction to Kansas' Carry On Wayward Son was recorded from Harrison console preamps directly to tape. Throughout the 1980s, seminal music works were mixed on Harrison consoles: Michael Jackson's Thriller and Bad albums were both mixed on a Harrison console by Bruce Swedien.[1]Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation was mixed on a Harrison SeriesTen, and Sade's album Promise and her prior hit song Smooth Operator were recorded and mixed on a Harrison console.
In 1989 Harrison Systems was acquired by GLW Incorporated. GLW's first product introduction was the release of the SeriesTenB, an updated version of the SeriesTen utilizing a powerful Mac-based automation system coupled with new video interactive graphics for display of console information and the control of console functions through the use of an interactive video screen. The company's technological advances accelerated in the 1990s as additional resources were dedicated to research and development. The first fruits of these efforts was the introduction in 1992 of the fully automated Harrison MPC (Motion Picture Console) followed shortly thereafter by the debut of its sister console, the fully automated Harrison SeriesTwelve.
The Series10 technology was advanced in a follow-up product for film, the MPC. The MPC was a control surface that remotely controlled the audio processing racks. This separation of the control surface from the audio racks allowed the audio processing racks to be placed in the machine rooms, thus allowing for sleeker, cooler, and more acoustic-friendly control surface designs tailored to fit the needs and applications of each individual user. Additional technologies such as automated, motorized joysticks and advanced monitoring features were also incorporated into the MPC.
The Harrison SeriesTenB with its new automation system and interactive video graphics was recipient in 1991 of the coveted Mix Foundation Technical Achievements Award for Console Technology, the TEC Award.[2] Shortly thereafter, the first MPC was installed at Sony Pictures in Hollywood in 1992, the first truly fully automated large format film re-recording console. The MPC was designed in a tight collaboration with Jeff Taylor, chief engineer at Sony Pictures, and many film and post-production mixers. The ongoing relationship between Harrison and Sony Pictures Post Production Facilities in Hollywood has resulted in the purchase of thirteen massive, fully automated MPC consoles by Sony.
During the late 1990s there was a clear demand for a digital processing engine that could satisfy the need for increased channel counts that were becoming possible with new digital production techniques. Harrison developed the digital. engine, a powerful DSP mixing and routing engine that could provide 768 fully resourced channels and thousands of input and output signals. The digital. engine was designed to retrofit existing analog MPC or Series12 consoles with a new digital backend. Many Harrison customer upgraded their existing consoles to the new engine because it was cost-effective and did not incur the "downtime" of replacing an entire console.
Harrison continued its technological advancements and was awarded another TEC Award in 1999, this time for Outstanding Technical Achievement in Sound Reinforcement Console Technology.[3] This award was granted to the Harrison LPC (Live Performance Console). The LPC console was co-developed with touring sound company Showco to create a no-compromise sound reinforcement console. Taking advantage of Harrison's digitally controlled-analog technology, and a newly developed IKIS automation engine, the LPC was designed with motorized potentiometers for every console parameter. Similar to Harrison's motorized joysticks, the motorized potentiometers allowed the user of the console to work in an intuitive way while providing all the benefits of digital surfaces such as instant recall.
In 2000, Harrison was awarded a patent for their use of automated, motorized panning joysticks. This technology has been licensed to other console manufacturers.
During the early 2000s, increasingly complicated audio productions drove the adoption of TFT screens into the meter bridges of digital consoles. Harrison developed Linux-based TFT screens that simultaneously show EQ curves, panning, auxes, metering, bus assignments and dynamics. In addition, a new PreView waveform technology was developed for the screens. This technology allows users to see cues before and after they happen, much like the waveform views on a workstation. This feature was incorporated into the MPC4-D. The MPC4-D has been adopted by premiere film dubbing stages around the world, such as Universal Studios (Hollywood), CinePostproduction (Munich), MosFilm (Moscow), Shree Balaji (Mumbai), and Deluxe (Toronto).
In 2004, the Trion, a more cost-effective version of the Series12 multi-purpose console surface was developed. The Trion uses Universal Serial Bus (USB) connectivity and other non-proprietary hardware. The Air24 was also developed using the same technology for on-air radio broadcast. The new smaller surfaces needed a smaller processing engine, so the Xrange native processing system was developed for use in all Harrison products. The Xrange uses Linux and off-the-shelf computers instead of the proprietary systems common to previous-generation consoles. A Harrison console system is made up by the combination of an application-specific console surface (MPC, Trion or Air24), along with a processing engine (Xrange), and an automation computer (IKIS). Each of the three pieces (surface, processing, and automation) are updated regularly by Harrison to accommodate new technologies.
Harrison has adopted Linux as the underlying technology for all of their products. The automation system, console surfaces, DSP processing, and audio routing all incorporate Linux at some level. Harrison has also collaborated with open-source developers on their Xdubber and Harrison Mixbus products which is based on the Ardour open-source workstation.[4]
Selected users
Music Westlake Audio Studios - Michael Jackson "Thriller" and "Bad" Polar Studios (Stockholm) - ABBA, Led Zeppelin, Genesis, Ramones Musicland Studios (Munich)[5] - Queen, David Bowie, Deep Purple, Rolling Stones, Giorgio Moroder, ELO, Iggy Pop, Rainbow, Iron Maiden Rusk studios - The Runaways, Village People, Donna Summer, Laura Brannigan, Elton John Flyte Tyme - Janet Jackson 'Rhythm Nation', Mariah Carey, Usher Morgan Studios - The Cure, Gary Moore, Thin Lizzy, Motorhead Power Plant - Sade, Fine Young Cannibals TheEndStudios (Lund Sweden) - Billy Cobham, Big Elf, The Knife, Hoffmaestro, Thåstöm, Bob Hund, Bergman Rock, Calle Real EastSide Sound - Les Paul, Lou Reed, Lee Ranaldo, Sevendust Utility Muffin Research Kitchen - Frank Zappa United Western Recorders - Blondie Smart Studios - Smashing Pumpkins, Garbage, Killdozer, Nirvana Soundworks Studio - Steely Dan Redwood Studios - Neil Young The Automatt - Herbie Hancock
Film & Post Sony Pictures Entertainment - Pearl Harbor, Spider-Man series, Transformers series, The Simpsons Universal Studios - U-571, Law & Order, The Revenant MosFilm (Moscow) ARRI (Munich) CinePostproduction (Munich) Shree Balaji Studio (Mumbai) Deluxe Toronto (Toronto)
Company timeline
1971: Company founder Dave Harrison creates the "in-line" audio console commercialized by MCI
1975: Harrison Systems established
1975: 3232, the world's first 32-bus, in-line recording console introduced
1979: The PP-1 film console introduced
1981: MR-2 music recording console introduced
1982: MR-3 music recording/TV-3 broadcast console introduced
1983: MR-43 music recording/TV-4 introduced
1983: HM-5/ live performance SM-5 house monitor and stage monitor introduced
1983: Raven music recording console introduced
1984: Air-7/Pro-7 on air radio broadcast and production consoles introduced
1984: HM-4/SM-4 live performance house monitor and stage monitor consoles introduced
1985: SeriesTen, the world's first totally automated console introduced.
1986: AIR 790/PRO 790 on air radio broadcast and production consoles introduced
1986: "Real time" interactive graphics offered as an option for the SeriesTenB
1987: AP-100 on air micro processor controlled radio broadcast console introduced
1987: MR-20 music recording introduced
1989: Harrison is acquired by GLW Incorporated
1989: SeriesTenB with new Mac based automation
1990: VIC – "real time" interactive video graphic display/control introduced for SeriesTenB
1991: Harrison implements remote, digitally controlled audio
1992: MPC, Motion Picture Console introduced
1994: SeriesTwelve multi format introduced
1995: TV-950 broadcast console introduced
1995: Pro-950 production console introduced
1996: TV950 honored at NAB as Editors’ Pick of Show for new product introductions
1996: Automated, motorized joystick introduced (now patented by Harrison)
1998: TV 5.1 TV broadcast console with surround capability introduced
1998: LPC, Live Performance Console introduced
1998: digital.engine introduced, supporting 512 channels and 160 buss mixing at 40 bit
1998: digital.engine MADI router introduced, allowing up to 2240x2240 audio routing
2000: Harrison is awarded the patent for automated motorized joystick innovation
2001: TVD, Digital Broadcast Console introduced
2001: LPC, Digital, Live Performance Console introduced
2001: MPC2, Motion Picture Console introduced and honored with nomination for TEC Award
2002: TVD-SL, Introduction of the Digital Broadcast Console featuring heads-up displays
2002: Pro950EX Production console introduced
2002: IKIS, Introduction of the Harrison IKIS Digital Automation Platform
2002: MPC3-D, Digital Motion Picture Console upgrade to the IKIS Automation Platform
2004: MPC4-D, Introduction of the Digital Motion Picture Console with heads-up displays
2004: PreView displays introduced, displaying live audio waveforms from any source (patent pending)
2004: DTC Introduction of the Digital Tools Card with Film specific plug-ins
2005: Trion introduced, a Digital Audio Console with an analog feel and heads-up displays
2005: IKISdirect, DAW controller introduced for Pro Tools and Pyramix
2005: Serial Supervisor, redundant control system introduced
2006: Xrange, Stand-alone, Native, 64-bit Digital Processing Engine introduced
2006: Air 24/7, Small format On-Air console introduced
2006: Xdubber, destructive stem recorder for Film introduced
2007: IKIS automation on Linux, and Xtools film-specific native processing tools introduced.
2008: Trion for Film introduced.
2009: Bricasti remote control added to IKISdirect.
2009: Mixbus Digital Audio Workstation for Music introduced. (nominated for TEC award)
2011: 950m Analog Music Console introduced
2013: 950mx Analog Music Console introduced
2016: Mixbus32C – a higher-tier version of the Mixbus workstation
2018: AVA Plugins (cross-platform compatible AAX/VST/VST3/AU)
Digital audio is a representation of sound recorded in, or converted into, digital form. In digital audio, the sound wave of the audio signal is typically encoded as numerical samples in a continuous sequence. For example, in CD audio, samples are taken 44,100 times per second, each with 16-bit sample depth. Digital audio is also the name for the entire technology of sound recording and reproduction using audio signals that have been encoded in digital form. Following significant advances in digital audio technology during the 1970s and 1980s, it gradually replaced analog audio technology in many areas of audio engineering, record production and telecommunications in the 1990s and 2000s.
Digital music technology encompasses digital instruments, computers, electronic effects units, software, or digital audio equipment by a performer, composer, sound engineer, DJ, or record producer to produce, perform or record music. The term refers to electronic devices, instruments, computer hardware, and software used in performance, playback, recording, composition, mixing, analysis, and editing of music.
A music sequencer is a device or application software that can record, edit, or play back music, by handling note and performance information in several forms, typically CV/Gate, MIDI, or Open Sound Control, and possibly audio and automation data for digital audio workstations (DAWs) and plug-ins.
A mixing console or mixing desk is an electronic device for mixing audio signals, used in sound recording and reproduction and sound reinforcement systems. Inputs to the console include microphones, signals from electric or electronic instruments, or recorded sounds. Mixers may control analog or digital signals. The modified signals are summed to produce the combined output signals, which can then be broadcast, amplified through a sound reinforcement system or recorded.
A hard disk recorder (HDR) is a system that uses a high-capacity hard disk to record digital audio or digital video. Hard disk recording systems represent an alternative to reel-to-reel audio tape recording and video tape recorders, and provide non-linear editing capabilities unavailable using tape recorders. Audio HDR systems, which can be standalone or computer-based, are typically combined with provisions for digital mixing and processing of the audio signal to produce a digital audio workstation (DAW).
A recording studio is a specialized facility for recording and mixing of instrumental or vocal musical performances, spoken words, and other sounds. They range in size from a small in-home project studio large enough to record a single singer-guitarist, to a large building with space for a full orchestra of 100 or more musicians. Ideally, both the recording and monitoring spaces are specially designed by an acoustician or audio engineer to achieve optimum acoustic properties.
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A music workstation is an electronic musical instrument providing the facilities of:
A digital audio workstation is an electronic device or application software used for recording, editing and producing audio files. DAWs come in a wide variety of configurations from a single software program on a laptop, to an integrated stand-alone unit, all the way to a highly complex configuration of numerous components controlled by a central computer. Regardless of configuration, modern DAWs have a central interface that allows the user to alter and mix multiple recordings and tracks into a final produced piece.
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In music recording, mix automation allows the mixing console to remember the audio engineer's adjustment of faders during the post-production editing process. A timecode is necessary for the synchronization of automation. Modern mixing consoles and digital audio workstations use comprehensive mix automation.
The Institute of Audio Research (IAR) was an educational institution in New York City. Students of IAR were offered a wide variety of academic programs in the field of music production and audio engineering. Students could choose from courses in audio electronics, digital music production, mixing music, and audio processing and storage, among others. It was founded in 1969 and closed in 2017. It has resurfaced as part of Five Towns College in 2022.
Music Center Incorporated (MCI) is the former name of a United States manufacturer of professional audio equipment that operated from 1955 until 1982 when it was acquired by the Sony Corporation. The company is credited with a number of world firsts: commercialising the 24-track multi-track recorder, the tape Auto Locator and in-line mixing console.
Audient is a British company based in Herriard, Hampshire, England that designs, manufactures, and markets mixing consoles, audio interfaces, microphone preamplifiers, monitor controllers and signal processors.
The Government Film & Television Institute, Bangalore is believed to be the first government institute in India to offer technical courses related to films. It is one of the few government film institutes in India. The institute is located at Hesaraghatta, Bengaluru in Karnataka. It is under the Directorate of Technical Education, Government of Karnataka. The institute offers three-year diploma courses in Cinematography and Sound Recording and Engineering. The diploma certificates are awarded by the Department of Technical Education, Government of Karnataka.
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