Hein de Haas (born 1969) [1] is a Dutch sociologist and geographer who has lived and worked in the Netherlands, Morocco and the United Kingdom. He is currently Professor of Sociology at the University of Amsterdam (UvA). [2] His research concentrates on the relationship between migration and social transformation and development in origin and destination countries. [3] He is a founding member and director of the International Migration Institute at Oxford University. [4] He is also Professor of Migration and Development at the University of Maastricht and directs IMI from its current home at UvA. De Haas is lead author of The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, [5] a leading text book in the field of migration studies. He also maintains a blog [6] on migration-related topics.
Hein de Haas has argued that "much conventional thinking about migration is based on myths rather than facts". [7] He as argued that, contrary to conventional views, economic development in poor countries lead to more instead of less migration. He also argued that - in the face of "systematic demand for labor migration or conflict in origin countries" - "to a certain extent, migration is inevitable". Hein de Haas has argued that there has been an incompatibility between economic liberalization and labour market deregulation on one hand and political calls for less migration on the other. [8]
Hein de Haas studied at the University of Amsterdam, where he obtained an undergraduate degree in anthropology in 1989 and a M.A. degree in environmental geography in 1995, and at the University of Nijmegen, where he acquired a Ph.D. in social sciences in 2003. From 1998 to 2005, De Haas worked as a postdoctoral researcher and lecturer in Nijmegen and Amsterdam, including a position as visiting scholar at the American University of Cairo. In 2006, De Haas became a founding member and – from 2011 to 2016 – a co-director of the International Migration Institute at Oxford University. Since 2015, De Haas has been a Professor of Sociology at the University of Amsterdam, in addition to a position as Extraordinary Professor of Migration and Development at the University of Maastricht/United Nations University. [9] In terms of editorial duties, he e.g. sits on the editorial board of Migration Studies . [10]
Hein de Haas' research covers a broad range of issues related to migration and development, including the determinants of migration, migration policies, and the linkages between migration and development, transnationalism and rural-urban transformations, with particular emphasis on the Middle East and Africa.
In his research, Hein de Haas repeatedly emphasized the key role of Europe's demand for cheap migrant labour in informal sectors as a main determinant for migration from Africa to Europe and characterized migration as "inevitable". [11] More recently, De Haas has drawn attention to the importance of migration processes' internal dynamics in general and the indirect feedback dynamics affect both countries of origin and destination. [12]
Hein de Haas conceptualizes the effects of migration policies as a set of stated policy objectives and corresponding laws, regulations and measures whose implementation affects the direction, volume, composition and timing of migration. The effectiveness of these policies is mitigated by gaps regarding their implementation and efficacy, with a further discursive gap persisting between the public policy discourse on migration and the policies that are actually set. Within that framework, the effect of restrictive immigration policies is reduced by (i) migrants' diversion to less restrictive countries, (ii) migrants' diversion to less restricted channels of immigration (e.g. family reunion), (iii) "now or never" migration based on expectations on upcoming restrictions, and (iv) decreases in return migration flows due to restrictions on circular migration. [13] In particular, Haas and Mathias Czaika have questioned the effectiveness of immigration policies in e.g. reducing the number of immigrants, arguing that their effects are often dwarfed and overcompensated by non-migration policies, and may have unintended effects; [14] for instance, the restriction of immigration through travel visa policies not only significantly decreases immigration but also return migration of existing immigrants. [15]
De Haas' research has emphasized the positive role that migrants' remittances can play in communities' development, e.g. in southern Morocco, [16] as well as in financing social development. [17] At the same time, De Haas has also criticized bad investment environments and especially restrictions on circular migration for keeping remittances' potential from being fully realized and warned against celebrations of migration as "self-help development 'from below'", as this perspective draws away attention from the structural constraints faced by many developing countries and their governments' responsibility to address them. [18] [19] [20] Instead, De Haas has argued for politics' engagement of diasporas with regard to supporting the development of their countries of origin. [21] Based on the example of Morocco, De Haas has also studied the transition of migration patterns, their adaptation to and circumvention of immigration restrictions, and the scenario for countries to become simultaneously a source and a destination of migration. [22] [23]
With regard to the link between migration and development, De Haas has criticized the popular ideas that the socioeconomic development of low-income countries will decrease migration, arguing instead that - at least in the short and medium term - improvements in income, education and infrastructure tends to increase people's ability and desire to emigrate. [24] De Haas has also been critical of the idea that migration is accelerating, pointing instead - in work with Czaika - to changes in the nature and direction of migration, with most emigration in the early 21st century originating from non-European countries and being directed at a shrinking number of destination countries, thereby reflecting globalization patterns. [25]
In recent research on immigrants' return migration intentions, De Haas and Tineke Fokkema find that these intentions decrease in their sociocultural integration, whereas economic integration and transnational ties have more ambiguous and sometimes positive effects. [26]
Human capital flight is the emigration or immigration of individuals who have received advanced training at home. The net benefits of human capital flight for the receiving country are sometimes referred to as a "brain gain" whereas the net costs for the sending country are sometimes referred to as a "brain drain". In occupations with a surplus of graduates, immigration of foreign-trained professionals can aggravate the underemployment of domestic graduates, whereas emigration from an area with a surplus of trained people leads to better opportunities for those remaining. But emigration may cause problems for the home country if the trained people are in short supply there.
Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location.
Development aid is a type of foreign/international/overseas aid given by governments and other agencies to support the economic, environmental, social, and political development of developing countries. Closely related concepts include: developmental aid, development assistance, official development assistance, development policy, development cooperation and technical assistance. It is distinguished from humanitarian aid by aiming at a sustained improvement in the conditions in a developing country, rather than short-term relief. Development aid is thus widely seen as a major way to meet Sustainable Development Goal 1 for the developing nations.
A remittance is a non-commercial transfer of money by a foreign worker, a member of a diaspora community, or a citizen with familial ties abroad, for household income in their home country or homeland. Money sent home by migrants competes with international aid as one of the largest financial inflows to developing countries. Workers' remittances are a significant part of international capital flows, especially with regard to labor-exporting countries.
Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not usual residents or where they do not possess nationality in order to settle as permanent residents. Commuters, tourists, and other short-term stays in a destination country do not fall under the definition of immigration or migration; seasonal labour immigration is sometimes included, however.
African immigrants in Europe are individuals residing in Europe who were born in Africa. This includes both individuals born in North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa.
Anti-immigration, also known as Opposition to immigrantion, is a political ideology that seek to restrict incoming of people from one area to another. In the modern sense, immigration refers to the entry of people from one state or territory into another state or territory in which they are not citizens in contrast, but closely correspond to emigration which refers people leaving one state or territory in which they are citizens. Illegal immigration occurs when people immigrate to a country without having official permission to do so. Opposition to immigration ranges from calls for various immigration reforms, to proposals to completely restrict immigration, to calls for repatriation of existing immigrants.
Codevelopment is a trend of thought and a development strategy in development studies which considers migrants to be a developing factor for their countries of origin.
Circular migration or repeat migration is the temporary and usually repetitive movement of a migrant worker between home and host areas, typically for the purpose of employment. It represents an established pattern of population mobility, whether cross-country or rural-urban. There are several benefits associated with this migration pattern, including gains in financial capital, human capital, and social capital. There are also costs associated with circular migration, such as brain drain, poor working conditions, forced labor, and the inability to transfer acquired skills to home economies. Socially, there are strong connections to gender, health outcomes, development, poverty, and global immigration policy.
Ayman Zohry is a demographer/geographer and expert on migration studies based in Cairo, Egypt. He was born in Souhag, Egypt. Zohry received his Ph.D. from the University of Sussex in 2002. He is a leading researcher in the field of migration studies in Egypt with a special focus on irregular migration.
During the period of 1965 - 2021, an estimated 440,000 people per year emigrated from Africa; a total number of 17 million migrants within Africa was estimated for 2005. The figure of 0.44 million African emigrants per year pales in comparison to the annual population growth of about 2.6%, indicating that only about 2% of Africa's population growth is compensated for by emigration.
Migration studies is the academic study of human migration. Migration studies is an interdisciplinary field which draws on anthropology, prehistory, history, economics, law, sociology and postcolonial studies.
Jørgen Carling is a Norwegian researcher specializing on international migration. He holds a PhD in Human Geography from the University of Oslo and is Research Professor of Migration and Transnationalism Studies. Carling has worked at the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) since 2002, where he has been Research Director since 2012.
Michael Andrew Clemens is an American economist who studies international migration and global economic development.
Women migrant workers from developing countries engage in paid employment in countries where they are not citizens. While women have traditionally been considered companions to their husbands in the migratory process, most adult migrant women today are employed in their own right. In 2017, of the 168 million migrant workers, over 68 million were women. The increase in proportion of women migrant workers since the early twentieth century is often referred to as the "feminization of migration".
The International Migration Institute (IMI) is an international network that promotes research on international migration. It is based at the University of Amsterdam and is part of the Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR). It was established as a research institute at Oxford University in the United Kingdom where it was affiliated with the Oxford Department of International Development.
Ruud Koopmans is a Dutch sociologist and professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin. His research focuses on migration, social integration and transnationalization.
Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes is a Spanish economist, a Professor in the Economics and Business Management faculty at the University of California, Merced and a Professor and Department Chair at San Diego State University. Since 2015, she has been the Western Representative for a standing committee called the Committee for the Status of Women in the Economics Profession (CSWEP). Her field of work focuses on the fundamentals of labour economics and international migration, particularly the nature of immigration policies and its impact on migrant's assimilation into the community at a state and local level. Amuedo-Dorantes has published multiple articles in refereed journals including Journal of Public Economics, Journal of Population Economics, International Migration, and Journal of Development Economics.
Almost half of international migrants are women, generally travelling as either migrant workers or refugees. Women migrant workers migrate from developing countries to high-income countries to engage in paid employment, typically in gendered professions such as domestic work. Because their work disproportionately takes place in private homes, they are vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. Wages earned are largely sent home to the originating country to support the cost of living of the family left behind.
Externalization describes the efforts of wealthy, developed countries to prevent asylum seekers and other migrants from reaching their borders, often by enlisting third countries or private entities. Externalization is used by Australia, Canada, the United States, the European Union and the United Kingdom. Although less visible than physical barriers at international borders, externalization controls or restrict mobility in ways that are out of sight and far from the country's border. Examples include visa restrictions, sanctions for carriers who transport asylum seekers, and agreements with source and transit countries. Consequences often include increased irregular migration, human smuggling, and border deaths.