Hollywood marriage

A Hollywood marriage originally meant a glamorous high society marriage between celebrities involved in the U.S. film industry, as "Hollywood" is a common metonymous term for that industry; such marriages are more commonly known as supercouples in modern parlance. However, the term has grown to also have strong negative connotations of a marriage that is of short duration and quickly ends in separation or divorce. ^[1] The term developed the negative connotations fairly early; by the 1930s, a "Hollywood marriage" was a marriage both glamorous and short-lived. ^{[2] [3]}

Issues

Sympathetic views of celebrities point out that in Hollywood, it is mostly the bad marriages that are documented by the media, giving a skewed perspective that might make "Hollywood marriages" appear to have a worse success rate than they have in reality. In 1972 Bob Thomas of the Associated Press remarked specifically about the tendency to ignore lasting celebrity marriages with the examples he gave including Bob Hope's marriage to Dolores Hope and Rosalind Russell's marriage to producer Frederick Brisson. ^[4]

Negative views of Hollywood marriages take the position that the divorce rates are indeed unusually high among celebrities and that this is caused by faults within Hollywood as a culture or by personal faults of the celebrities themselves. They point to the usage of weddings as publicity stunts, the egotism or immaturity of celebrities or "celebrity culture", and high rates of infidelity or promiscuity. Bee Wilson, in an article for The Daily Telegraph , critiqued "Hollywood marriages" for often being based on the unrealistic dreams of what she termed "permanent children", although she points to some classic Hollywood couples—such as Lauren Bacall and Humphrey Bogart, or Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward—as exceptions to these criticisms. ^[5] While the introduction to the Cultural Sociology of Divorce: An Encyclopedia edited by Robert E. Emery specifically mentions Hollywood divorces as epitomizing a "consumerist, throw-away-marriage view found in the West." ^[6]

The actors and entertainers themselves vary in perspective on the commonality or reason for divorce in Hollywood. In 1961 Anne Baxter stated Hollywood was "the most difficult place in America for marriage" due, in part, to the "terrible extremes of success and failure" both spouses may face. ^[7] In a 1964 interview Mitzi Gaynor, who would remain married to the husband mentioned in the interview until his death (in 2006), took the more "defensive" position that "Hollywood" couples look different mostly because "everything we do is magnified." However, she conceded they might be slightly different because "you have to be a little off-center to get into this business in the first place." ^[8]

Beyond anecdote or opinion, the actual evidence on the matter is complicated by differing definitions of who qualifies as a "celebrity" or "Hollywood." A study from Radford University placed "dancers and choreographers" as the occupations having the highest percent currently divorced ^[9] with "Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other" still being above average at tenth. That placed them between "Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides" at ninth and "Baggage porters and concierges" at eleventh. ^[10] In 1900, even before the modern film industry had coalesced, in an era where concert saloons and minstrel shows were the predominant form of entertainment, "actors, professional showmen" were listed as having the highest divorce rate of occupations. ^[11] A Forbes article placed "professional athletes and entertainers" together and with a high divorce rate. ^[12]

Entertainers married a year or less

The idea that the term "Hollywood marriage" equates to something short-term is sometimes displayed by citing celebrities who had marriages that ended in divorce, separation, or annulment within approximately one year. The following examples of that are primarily restricted to marriages involving a notable actor, entertainer or director linked to "Hollywood" in some way and which ended in divorce or annulment. Note that the vast majority of the examples are from the 1970s onward; this is in part because no-fault divorce became legalized in that era, which increased the ease and number of divorces overall. (In much of the early 20th century, there was a one-year waiting period to finalize a divorce in California, which was later repealed.)

Names	Length	Marriage	Notes	Source
Britney Spears and Jason Alexander	56 hours	January 2004	Annulled	[13] [14] [15]
Nicolas Cage and Erika Koike	4 days	March 23–27, 2019	Annulled	[16] [17]
Elliott Lewis and Ann Wigton	5 days	August 30 – September 4, 1940	Annulled	[18]
Michelle Phillips and Dennis Hopper	8 days	October 31 – November 8, 1970		[19] [20]
Francesca Eastwood and Jordan Feldstein	8 days	November 17–25, 2013	Annulled. Feldstein was the brother of actors Jonah Hill and Beanie Feldstein; Eastwood is the daughter of Clint Eastwood and Frances Fisher.	[21]
Robert Evans and Catherine Oxenberg	9 days	July 12–21, 1998	Evans's fifth of seven marriages. Annulled.	[22]
Pamela Anderson and Jon Peters	12 days	January 20 – February 1, 2020	Marriage certificate never officially enacted.	[23]
Patty Duke and Michael Tell	13 days	June 26 – July 9, 1970	Annulled. Marriage produced a child, Sean Astin, whom Duke mistakenly believed to be fathered by Desi Arnaz, Jr. at the time.	[24] [25] [26]
Eddie Murphy and Tracey Edmonds	2 weeks	January 2008		[15]
Mario Lopez and Ali Landry	18 days	April 24 – May 2004		[15] [27]
Drew Barrymore and Jeremy Thomas	19 days	February–March 1994		[28]
Ken Strong and Rella Harrison	<1 month	December 1929	Strong, a pro football player, and Harrison, a stage actress legally known as Amelie Hunneman, separated during their honeymoon.	[29]
Ernest Borgnine and Ethel Merman	42 days	June 27 – August 4, 1964	Separated August 4, divorce mutually requested October 21 and granted November 18.	[30]
Kim Darby and James Westmoreland	47 days	1970		[31]
Harlan Ellison and Loretta Patrick	7 weeks	1966	Ellison's third and shortest of five marriages.	[32]
Ethel Merman and William Smith	2 months	1940–1941
Milla Jovovich and Shawn Andrews	2 months	1992	Annulled	[33]
Chris Kattan and Sunshine Deia Tutt	2 months	2008–2009		[34]
Kim Kardashian and Kris Humphries	72 days	2011	Divorce was finalized in 2013	[35] [36]
Kid Rock and Pamela Anderson	121 days	July 29 – November 27, 2006		[15]
Nicolas Cage and Lisa Marie Presley	108 days	2002	Divorce took over a year to be finalized.	[15] [37] [38]
Bill Harrah and Bobbie Gentry	<4 months	December 18, 1969 – April 16, 1970	One of Harrah's seven marriages. Fictionalized in Gentry's hit song "Fancy."
Colin Farrell and Amelia Warner	> 4 months	July 17 – November 2001		[15]
Bradley Cooper and Jennifer Esposito	4 months	2006–2007		[15]
Renée Zellweger and Kenny Chesney	4 months	May 2005 – 2005	Annulled	[28]
Sophia Bush and Chad Michael Murray	5 months	April–September 2005	Separated (September 2005). Bush unsuccessfully petitioned for annulment (February 2006). Divorced (December 2006).	[15]
Charlie Sheen and Donna Peele	5 months	September 1995 – 1996		[15] [39] [40]
Michael Kopech and Vanessa Morgan	157 days	January 4 – June 19, 2020		[41]
Drew Barrymore and Tom Green	163 days	July 7 – December 17, 2001		[15] [42] [43]
Shannen Doherty and Ashley Hamilton	> 6 months	1993 – March 1994		[44] [45]
R. Kelly and Aaliyah	6 months	August 1994 – February 1995	Marriage annulled by Aaliyah's parents.
Carmen Electra and Dennis Rodman	6 months	November 14 – April 1999	Rodman filed for an annulment 9 days later but they reconciled before mutually agreeing to divorce 6 months later.	[46] [47]
Kim Darby and James Stacy	7 months	1968–1969		[31]
Harlan Ellison and Lori Horowitz	8 months	1976–1977	Ellison's fourth of five marriages. His fifth marriage would last 32 years until his death.	[48]
Liam Hemsworth and Miley Cyrus	8 months	December 2018 - August 2019
Carly Pearce and Michael Ray	81⁄2 months	October 6, 2019 – June 19, 2020		[49]
Rick Salomon and Shannen Doherty	9 months	2002–2003
Elizabeth Taylor and Conrad Hilton Jr.	205 days	May 6 – November 27, 1950		[50]
Jennifer Lopez and Cris Judd	218 days	September 2001 – June 2002		[15] [51]
Jim Carrey and Lauren Holly	10 months	September 1996 – July 1997		[52] [53]
Woody Harrelson and Nancy Simon	10 months	1985–1986	Married in Tijuana with the intent of getting a Mexican divorce afterward. The divorce did not occur until ten months later as the "divorce stand" was closed.	[54]
Rick Salomon and Pamela Anderson	10 weeks 1 year	2007–2008, 2014–2015	Married and remarried	[55] [56]
Desi Arnaz Jr. and Linda Purl	< 1 year	1979 – January 3, 1980		[57]
James Caan and Sheila Marie Ryan	> 1 year	1976–1977	Son: Scott Caan	[58]
Angela Lansbury and Richard Cromwell	> 1 year	September 27, 1945 – September 1946	Her second marriage would last 53 years.	[59] [60]
Lana Wood and Jack Wrather III	> 1 year	1962–1963	Annulled, as Wood was under the age of consent at the time of the marriage. Wrather III was the son of Jack Wrather Jr.	[61]
Lana Wood and Stephen Oliver	<1 year	1966	Annulled.
Lana Wood and Stanley Vogel	<1 year	1968
Kelsey Grammer and Leigh-Anne Csuhany	1 year	September 1992 – 1993		[62]
Lorenzo Lamas and Victoria Hilbert	1 year	1981–1982	His second marriage, to Michele Smith, did not last two years but did lead to children. [63]	[64]
Martin Scorsese and Julia Cameron	1 year	1976–1977		[65]
Robert Evans and Phyllis George	1 year	1977–1978	Evans's fourth of seven marriages.	[22]
Robert Evans and Victoria White	1 year	2005–2006	Evans's seventh and final marriage.	[22]
Mickey Rooney and Ava Gardner	1 year+	1942–1943		[66]
Gloria Swanson and Wallace Beery	1 year	March 27, 1916–1917	Swanson, age 17 at the time, was an unwilling party to the marriage but was unable to have it annulled. Due to California laws, the divorce would not be finalized until December 1918. It was the first of Swanson's six marriages. [67]
Gloria Swanson and William M. Davey	1 year	January 25, 1945–1946	Swanson's fourth of six marriages, made solely for financial reasons. The two were in the midst of divorce proceedings when Davey died. [67]
Richard Mulligan and Rachel Ryan	<1 year	April 27, 1992 – "early 1993"	Mulligan's fourth and final marriage.	[68] [69]

Entertainers married 50 years or more

Entertainment couples whose relationships last for decades, and/or life, are occasionally used as a counterpoint when referring to "Hollywood marriage". ^[70] Listed are a selection of entertainers who have or had marriages that lasted over 50 years.

(Note that in a few of these cases, the entertainers were not necessarily in faithful marriages. Tom Jones, for example, had many extramarital affairs throughout his marriage.)

Legend:
  Living couples, still married

Names	Length	Marriage	Source
Irving Benson and Lillian Waldowsky	79 years, 105 days	November 19, 1936 – March 3, 2016 (her death)	[ citation needed ]
Norman Lloyd and Peggy Lloyd	75 years, 65 days	June 29, 1936 – August 30, 2011 (her death)	[71]
Art Linkletter and Lois Linkletter	74 years, 172 days	November 25, 1935 – May 16, 2010 (his death)	[72] [73]
Johnnie Wright and Kitty Wells	73 years, 332 days	October 30, 1937 – September 27, 2011 (his death)	[74]
William Daniels and Bonnie Bartlett	72 years, 325 days	June 30, 1951 − present	[75]
Charles Lane and Ruth Covell Lane	71 years, 233 days	April 12, 1931 – November 30, 2002 (her death)
Karl Malden and Mona Greenberg	70 years, 195 days	December 18, 1938 – July 1, 2009 (his death)	[76]
Joan Evans and Kirby Weatherly	70 years, 137 days	August 15, 1952 – January 1, 2023 (his death)	[77]
Pete Seeger and Toshi Aline Ohta	69 years, 354 days	July 20, 1943 - July 9, 2013 (her death)	[78]
Monty Hall and Marilyn Doreen Plottel	69 years, 260 days	September 28, 1947 – June 5, 2017 (her death)
Stan Lee and Joan Boocock	69 years, 214 days	December 5, 1947 – July 6, 2017 (her death)	[79]
Nehemiah Persoff and Thia Persoff	69 years, 163 days	August 22, 1951 − February 1, 2021 (her death)	[80]
Bob Hope and Dolores Reade	69 years, 158 days	February 19, 1934 – July 27, 2003 (his death)	[81]
Chuck Berry and Thelmetta "Toddy" Suggs	68 years, 141 days	October 28, 1948 – March 18, 2017 (his death)	[82]
Frank Cady and Shirley Katherine Jones	68 years, 68 days	June 15, 1940 – August 22, 2008 (her death)
Slim Whitman and Alma Crist Whitman	67 years, 233 days	June 28, 1941 – February 16, 2009 (her death)	[83] [84]
Iris Apfel and Carl Apfel	67 years, 161 days	February 22, 1948 – August 1, 2015 (his death)
Alan Alda and Arlene Alda	67 years, 66 days	March 15, 1957 − present	[85]
William Schallert and Rosemarie D. "Lia" Waggner	66 years, 190 days	February 26, 1949 − September 3, 2015 (her death)	[86] [87] [88] [89]
Anne Jackson and Eli Wallach	66 years, 111 days	March 5, 1948 – June 24, 2014 (his death)	[90] [91] [92]
Gigi Parrish and John Weld	66 years+	1937 – June 14, 2003 (his death)	[93] [94]
Kirk Douglas and Anne Buydens	65 years, 253 days	May 29, 1954 − February 5, 2020 (his death)	[95] [96]
Pat Boone and Shirley Foley	65 years, 66 days	November 7, 1953 − January 11, 2019 (her death)	[97]
Eva Marie Saint and Jeffrey Hayden	65 years, 57 days	October 28, 1951 − December 24, 2016 (his death)	[98]
Jane Wyatt and Edgar Bethune Ward	64 years, 364 days	November 9, 1935 - November 8, 2000 (his death)	[99] [100]
Walter Cronkite and Betsy Cronkite	64 years, 350 days	March 30, 1940 – March 15, 2005 (her death)
Danny Aiello and Sandy Cohen	64 years, 329 days	January 8, 1955 − December 13, 2019 (his death)	[101]
Mary Carlisle and James Blakely	64 years, 323 days	March 14, 1942 – January 30, 2007 (his death)	[102]
Carl Reiner and Estelle Reiner	64 years, 306 days	December 24, 1943 − October 25, 2008 (her death)	[103]
Lydia Clarke and Charlton Heston	64 years, 19 days	March 17, 1944 − April 5, 2008 (his death)	[104] [105]
Doris Belack and Philip Rose	64 years+	1946 – May 31, 2011 (his death)
James Cagney and Frances Willard Vernon	63 years, 181 days	September 28, 1922 – March 30, 1986 (his death)	[106] [107]
Conrad Bain and Monica Sloan	63 years, 176 days	September 4, 1945 – February 26, 2009 (her death)
Ed Nelson and Patricia Miller Nelson	63 years, 62 days	June 9, 1951 – August 9, 2014 (his death)
Edna Mae Cooper and Karl Brown	63 years+	1922 – June 27, 1986 (her death)
Irving Berlin and Ellin Mackay	62 years, 208 days	Jan 4, 1926 – July 29, 1988 (her death)	[108]
Richard Benjamin and Paula Prentiss	62 years, 207 days	October 26, 1961 − present	[109] [110]
Martin Sheen and Janet Templeton	62 years, 149 days	December 23, 1961 − present	[111] [112]
Mark Margolis and Jacqueline Margolis	61 years, 64 days	June 3, 1962 − August 3, 2023 (his death)	[113]
Francis Ford Coppola and Eleanor Coppola	61 years, 70 days	February 2, 1963 − April 12, 2024 (her death)	[114] [115] [116]
Dick Van Patten and Patricia Poole	61 years, 59 days	April 25, 1954 − June 23, 2015 (his death)	[117] [118]
Jamie Farr and Joy Ann Richards	61 years, 94 days	February 16, 1963 - present	[119]
Lee Grant and Joseph Feury	61 years+	1962 – present
Brenda Lee and Ronnie Shacklett	61 years, 26 days	April 24, 1963 – present	[120] [121]
Jerry Stiller and Anne Meara	60 years, 251 days	September 14, 1954 – May 23, 2015 (her death)	[122]
Kristine Miller and William Schuyler	60 years, 136 days	July 27, 1953 − December 10, 2013 (his death)	[123]
Bob Newhart and Virginia Quinn	60 years, 101 days	January 12, 1963 − April 23, 2023 (her death)	[124] [125]
Bill Cosby and Camille Hanks Cosby	60 years, 116 days	January 25, 1964 – present	[126]
Cyd Charisse and Tony Martin	60 years, 34 days	May 15, 1948 – June 17, 2008 (her death)
Chubby Checker and Catharina Lodders	60 years, 38 days	April 12, 1964 – present
Lloyd Bridges and Dorothy Dean	59 years, 147 days	October 15, 1938 – March 10, 1998 (his death)
Geoffrey Holder and Carmen de Lavallade	59 years, 102 days	June 26, 1955 — October 5, 2014 (his death)
Adolph Zukor and Lottie Kaufman	59 years, 89 days	January 10, 1897 – April 7, 1956 (her death)	[127] [128]
Tom Jones and Melinda Trenchard	59 years, 39 days	March 2, 1957 – April 10, 2016 (her death)	[129]
William Christopher and Barbara O'Connor	59 years+	1957 − December 31, 2016 (his death)	[130] [131] [132]
Larry Hagman and Maj Axelsson	58 years, 341 days	December 18, 1954 − November 23, 2012 (his death)
James Garner and Lois Clarke	57 years, 336 days	August 17, 1956 − July 19, 2014 (his death)
Dolly Parton and Carl Dean	57 years, 356 days	May 30, 1966 − present	[133]
Margia Dean and Felipe Alvarez	57 years, 299 days	August 29, 1965 – June 23, 2023 (her death)
Vince McMahon and Linda Edwards	57 years, 268 days	August 26, 1966 − present
Robert Mitchum and Dorothy Spence	57 years, 107 days	March 16, 1940 − July 1, 1997 (his death)	[134] [135]
Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee	57 years, 57 days	December 9, 1948 − February 4, 2005 (his death)	[136]
Laurence Irving and Rosalind Frances Woolner	57 years+	1920 – December 14, 1978 (her death)	[137]
Joel McCrea and Frances Dee	57 years, 0 days	October 20, 1933 - October 20, 1990 (his death)	[138]
Engelbert Humperdinck and Patricia Healey	56 years, 307 days	April 18, 1964 − February 18, 2021 (her death)	[139]
Cecil B. DeMille and Constance Adams	56 years, 158 days	August 16, 1902 − January 21, 1959 (his death)
René Auberjonois and Judith Mihalyi	56 years, 51 days	October 19, 1963 – December 8, 2019 (his death)
Darryl F. Zanuck and Virginia Fox	55 years, 333 days	January 24, 1924 – December 22, 1979 (his death)
Steve Lawrence and Eydie Gormé	55 years, 224 days	December 29, 1957 − August 10, 2013 (her death)
Shane Rimmer and Sheila Logan	55 years, 190 days	September 21, 1963 – March 29, 2019 (his death)	[140]
John McIntire and Jeanette Nolan	55 years, 158 days	26 August 1935 – 30 January 1991 (his death)
Lupita Tovar and Paul Kohner	55 years, 138 days	31 October 1932 – 16 March 1988 (his death)
Mary Kay Jones and Johnny Stearns	55 years, 113 days	11 August 1946 − December 1, 2001 (his death)	[141]
Christopher Walken and Georgianne Walken	55 years, 3 months	January 1969 – present
Billy Davis Jr. and Marilyn McCoo	54 years, 299 days	July 26, 1969 – present	[142]
Shirley Temple and Charles Alden Black	54 years, 232 days	December 16, 1950 – August 4, 2005 (his death)
Yakima Canutt and Minnie Audrea Yeager	54 years, 194 days	November 12, 1931 – May 24, 1986 (his death)
Anne Jeffreys and Robert Sterling	54 years, 190 days	November 21, 1951 − May 30, 2006 (his death)	[143]
Bruce Dern and Andrea Beckett	54 years, 213 days	October 20, 1969 − present
Grant Whytock and Leotta Whytock	54 years, 135 days	June 1, 1918 – October 13, 1972 (her death)
Phil Harris and Alice Faye	54 years, 3 months	May 1941 – August 11, 1995 (his death)	[144]
Christopher Lee and Birgit Krøncke	54 years, 82 days	March 17, 1961 – June 7, 2015 (his death)	[145]
Frances Chaney and Ring Lardner Jr.	54 years, 34 days	September 28, 1946 – October 31, 2000 (his death)
Ann Blyth and Dr. James Vincent McNulty	53 years, 320 days	June 27, 1953 – May 13, 2007 (his death)	[146]
Billy Crystal and Janice Goldfinger	53 years, 351 days	June 4, 1970 - present	[147]
Barry Gibb and Linda Gray	53 years, 262 days	September 1, 1970 – present
Angela Lansbury and Peter Shaw	53 years, 170 days	August 12, 1949 – January 29, 2003 (his death)	[148] [149]
Ray Milland and Muriel Weber	53 years, 162 days	September 30, 1932 — March 10, 1986 (his death)
Alfred Hitchcock and Alma Reville	53 years, 149 days	December 2, 1926 — April 29, 1980 (his death)
Roger Corman and Julie Corman	53 years, 149 days	December 23, 1970 – May 9th, 2024 (his death)
Stephen King and Tabitha Spruce	53 years, 139 days	January 2, 1971 – present	[150]
Marlene Dietrich and Rudolf Sieber	53 years, 39 days	May 17, 1923 – June 24, 1976 (his death)
Burt Mustin and Frances Woods	53 years+	1915 – August 18, 1969 (her death)	[151]
Cara Williams and Asher Dann	53 years+	1964 - March 18, 2018 (his death)
Henry Hathaway and Blanche Gonzalez	52 years, 337 days	March 12, 1932 – February 11, 1985 (his death)
Barbara Anderson and Don Burnett	52 years, 340 days	June 15, 1971 - present	[152]
Billy Wilder and Audrey Young	52 years, 271 days	June 30, 1949 – March 27, 2002 (his death)	[153]
Susan Lucci and Helmut Huber	52 years, 196 days	September 13, 1969 — March 28, 2022 (his death)	[154] [155]
Frank Capra and Lucille Warner	52 years, 152 days	February 1, 1932 – July 1, 1984 (her death)
Nancy Davis and Ronald Reagan	52 years, 93 days	March 4, 1952 − June 5, 2004 (his death)	[156]
Don Rickles and Barbara Sklar	52 years, 23 days	March 14, 1965 − April 5, 2017 (his death)	[157]
Mitzi Gaynor and Jack Bean	52 years, 16 days	November 18, 1954 − December 4, 2006 (his death)	[158] [159]
Hume Cronyn and Jessica Tandy	52 years+	1942 – September 11, 1994 (her death)	[160]
John Howard Lawson and Susan Edmond Lawson	52 years+	1925 – August 11, 1977 (his death)	[161] [162]
Martha Scott and Mel Powell	51 years, 276 days	July 23, 1946 – April 24, 1998 (his death)
Norman Jewison and Margaret Ann Dixon	51 years, 139 days	July 11, 1953 – November 26, 2004 (her death)
Alexander Knox and Doris Nolan	51 years, 117 days	December 30, 1944 – April 25, 1995 (his death)
Louise Lovely and Albert Bertie Cowen	51 years, 113 days	November 26, 1928 – March 17, 1980 (her death)	[163] [164]
Jean Speegle Howard and Rance Howard	51 years+	1949 − September 2, 2000 (her death)	[165]
Lewis Milestone and Kendall Lee	51 years+	1926 – July 30, 1978 (her death)
Mary Lou Metzger and Richard Maloof	50 years, 320 days	June 16, 1973 — May 1, 2024 (his death)	[166]
Joanne Woodward and Paul Newman	50 years, 241 days	January 29, 1958 − September 26, 2008 (his death)	[167]
John Forsythe and Julie Warren	50 years, 241 days	December 18, 1943 – August 15, 1994 (her death)
Walter Lantz and Grace Stafford	50 years, 201 days	August 29, 1941 – March 17, 1992 (her death)
Rosemary Harris and John Ehle	50 years, 154 days	October 21, 1967 – March 24, 2018 (his death)	[168]
Regis Philbin and Joy Philbin	50 years, 145 days	March 1, 1970 – July 24, 2020 (his death)	[169]
Christopher Plummer and Elaine Taylor	50 years, 124 days	October 2, 1970 – February 2, 2021 (his death)	[170]
Ann-Margret and Roger Smith	50 years, 27 days	May 8, 1967 – June 4, 2017 (his death)	[171]
Joan Leslie and William Caldwell	50 years, 20 days	March 17, 1950 – April 5, 2000 (his death)
Sissy Spacek and Jack Fisk	50 years, 38 days	12 April 1974 – present	[172]
Federico Fellini and Giulietta Masina	50 years, 1 day	October 30, 1943 – October 31, 1993 (his death)	[173]
Ben E. King and Betty Davis	50 years+	1964 − April 30, 2015 (his death)
Lee Phillip and William J. Bell	50 years+	1954 – April 29, 2005 (his death)

References

1. "The Sidney Poitiers Enjoy Solid Tinsel Town Marriage, Hollywood Author Reports". Jet . September 23, 1985. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
2. Graham, Sheilah (July 31, 1938). "Soon Strike Rocks: Average Hollywood marriage ends before five years". St. Joseph News-Press. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
3. "Barbara's former fiance also paying visit to Reno". The Border Cities Star . April 3, 1935. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
4. Thomas, Bob (April 23, 1972). "The Palm Beach Post".^{[ dead link ]}
5. Wilson, Bee (February 11, 2007). "Movie Stars plus marriage equals disaster". The Daily Telegraph . London. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
6. Emery, Robert E., ed. (February 21, 2013). Cultural Sociology of Divorce: An Encyclopedia. SAGE. ISBN   978-1-4129-9958-8 – via Google Books.
7. "The Miami News". June 5, 1961.^{[ dead link ]}
8. Kleiner, Dick (June 19, 1964). "Bean stalks his wife: Mitzi Gaynor gives OK". The Pittsburgh Press .
9. McCarthy, Ellen (September 19, 2010). "Study breaks down divorce rates by occupation". The Washington Post .
10. Lubin, Gus (September 28, 2010). "The 15 Jobs Where You're Most Likely To Get Divorced". Business Insider.
11. Hanson, Robin (September 24, 2010). "Low-Divorce Jobs". Overcoming Bias.
12. Johnson, Shannon (May 8, 2020). "Divorce Rate by Profession From Highest to Lowest". LoveToKnow.
13. "A quickie for Miss Britney". New York Daily News. January 5, 2004. Retrieved February 21, 2011.^{[ dead link ]}
14. "Britney marriage annulled". The Sydney Morning Herald . January 7, 2004. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
15. "19 of Hollywood's All-Time Shortest Marriages". The Hollywood Reporter . October 31, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
16. "Nicolas Cage Fights With Wife Hours After Wedding, Annulment Based On Fraud". TMZ . March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
17. "Nicolas Cage wants his 4-day-old marriage annulled". San Jose Mercury-News . CNN. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
18. "Divorce News". Tulare Advance-Register. Tulare, California. September 26, 1940. p. 2. Retrieved January 31, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
19. "The Mamas and the Papas start all over again". Sarasota Herald-Tribune . December 8, 1971. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
20. "Briefs". The StarPhoenix . March 29, 1971. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
21. Sieczkowski, Cavan (November 25, 2013). "Francesca Eastwood Getting Annulment After Marriage To Jonah Hill's Brother". Huffington Post . Retrieved September 23, 2019.
22. "Robert Evans, Iconic Producer of 'Chinatown,' Dies at 89". Voice of America . October 29, 2019.
23. Siegel, Tatiana. "Pamela Anderson and Movie Mogul Jon Peters Call It Quits". MSN . Archived from the original on February 3, 2020.
24. Lipton, Michael A. (May 3, 1999). "Duke of Hazards". People . Vol. 51, no. 16. Archived from the original on June 2, 2009. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
25. Barrett, Victoria (December 19, 2003). "Sean Astin: 'I don't want to play the fat guy or the friend all my life'". The Guardian . London. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
26. "Local publisher's son in spotlight". Las Vegas Review-Journal . February 29, 2004. Archived from the original on October 30, 2004. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
27. Pous, Terri (November 1, 2011). "Top 10 Short-Lived Celebrity Marriages". TIME .
28. Thomas, Karen (September 16, 2005). "Renee Zellweger cites 'fraud' in split to Kenny Chesney". USA Today . Retrieved February 21, 2011.
29. "Ken Strong, Ex-Star For Football Giants". The New York Times. October 6, 1979.
30. "Borgnine Sues Merman For Divorce". The Morning Record . October 22, 1964. p. 20. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
31. Oppenheimer, Peer (February 22, 1971). "The Confused Life of Kim Darby". The Prescott Courier .
32. Weil, Ellen & Wolfe, Gary K. (2002). Harlan Ellison: The Edge of Forever. Ohio State University Press. p. 44.
33. "Married for a bank card". The Daily Telegraph . July 11, 2011. Archived from the original on November 6, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2019.
34. Hyman, Vicki (September 26, 2008). "Chris Kattan's estranged wife may clean up in divorce". NJ.com .
35. Harp, Justin (October 31, 2011). "Kim Kardashian files for divorce". Digital Spy.
36. "Apparently, The Kim Kardashian and Kris Humphries Marriage Is Over!". WUSN-FM/US99.5 . October 31, 2011. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
37. "Cage, Presley divorce made final". IOL . May 26, 2004. Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
38. "Cage and Presley divorce made final". Today.com . May 25, 2004. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
39. "Porn star tells of coke and booze orgy with Charlie Sheen before hospital dash". Daily Mirror . January 29, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
40. "Sheen is divorcing model". The Ledger . February 20, 1996. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
41. "White Sox pitcher Michael Kopech files for divorce from 'Riverdale' actress Vanessa Morgan". Chicago Tribune . July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
42. Silverman, Stephen M. (July 10, 2001). "Oops! Barrymore, Green Do It Again". People. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
43. Darst, Jeanne (December 18, 2001). "Tom Green Files for a Divorce from Drew". People. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
44. "Doherty's six-month marriage ending". Sarasota Herald-Tribune . April 9, 1994. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
45. "The Milwaukee Journal". April 7, 1994. Retrieved February 21, 2011.^{[ dead link ]}
46. Heisler, Mark (November 24, 1998). "Rodman Worms Out of His Wedding Vow". Los Angeles Times.
47. "Basketball star and actress wife say marriage is over". Las Vegas Sun . April 6, 1999. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
48. McMurran, Kristen (December 2, 1985). "Harlan Ellison: Scarred by the Insults of Childhood, a Manic Fantasist Slashes Back at the World". People . Vol. 24, no. 23. Archived from the original on September 26, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
49. Michaud, Sarah & Tracy, Brianne (June 22, 2020). "Carly Pearce Files for Divorce from Michael Ray After Less Than a Year of Marriage". People. Retrieved June 22, 2019.
50. Skarda, Erin (November 1, 2011). "Top 10 Short-Lived Celebrity Marriages: Elizabeth Taylor and Conrad "Nicky" Hilton". TIME.
51. Berry, Allison (November 1, 2011). "Top 10 Short-Lived Celebrity Marriages: Jennifer Lopez and Cris Judd". TIME.
52. "Names in the News". The Madison Courier. July 30, 1997. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
53. "People in the News". The Ledger. August 27, 1997. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
54. "Just Your Typical Love Story". Spartanburg Herald-Journal . October 3, 1989. It seemed like a good idea at the time," says Simon. "It was like a dare.
55. "Celebrity freaks flock together in shortlived matrimony". Times Colonist . May 5, 2008. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2011– via Canada.com.
56. "Anderson's marriage is annulled". BBC News. March 25, 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
57. Harris, Warren G. (1991). Lucy & Desi: The Legendary Love Story of Television's Most Famous Couple. Simon & Schuster. p. 595. ISBN   978-0-671747091. ...lasted a few days short of one year. Linda filed for divorce on January 3, 1980.
58. O'Donnell, Maureen (September 24, 2012). "Obituary: Sheila Marie Ryan Caan, 60, dated Elvis, Beatty, Stallone, married James Caan". Chicago Sun-Times .
59. "Vicar's ban on wedding denounced". The Telegraph-Herald. July 27, 1949. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
60. "Angela Lansbury Awarded Divorce". Spokane Daily Chronicle . September 12, 1946. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
61. "Los Angeles Times". January 26, 1963.^{[ dead link ]}
62. "Ex-'Cheers' Star: Work is refuge". The Vindicator . September 7, 1993. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
63. "Lorenzo Lamas Seeks Divorce". Schenectady Gazette . March 23, 1985.
64. "The Miami News". April 29, 1983.^{[ dead link ]}
65. "Minelli Musical Survives Much". The Victoria Advocate . October 29, 1977. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
66. "Mrs. Mickey Rooney Gets Divorce Decree". Edmonton Journal . May 21, 1943. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
67. Welsch, Tricia (2013). Gloria Swanson: Ready for Her Close-Up. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN   978-1-62103-991-4.(subscription required)
68. Svetkey, Benjamin (May 22, 1992). "Porn to be Together". Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
69. Jennings, David (2000). Skinflicks: The Inside Story of the X-Rated Video Industry. AuthorHouse. pp. 290–291. ISBN   1-58721-184-X . Retrieved January 17, 2008.
70. "A Hollywood Marriage That Succeeded". The Deseret News . August 10, 1962. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
71. "Broadway thesp Peggy Lloyd dies at 98". Variety . August 30, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
72. "Art Linkletter: "no work, just fun"". CBC Archives. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
73. Duke, Alan (May 27, 2010). "Legendary broadcaster Art Linkletter is dead at 97". CNN. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
74. Morris, Edward (September 27, 2011). "Johnnie Wright, Country Singer and Kitty Wells' Husband, Dead at 97". CMT News. Archived from the original on April 11, 2016.
75. "William Daniels". TCM. Archived from the original on July 1, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
76. "Oscar-winning actor Karl Malden dies aged 97". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on July 4, 2009.
77. "Joan Evans, Actress in 'On the Loose,' 'Skirts Ahoy!' and 'Edge of Doom,' Dies at 89". The Hollywood Reporter. October 28, 2023.
78. "Toshi Seeger, wife of Pete Seeger, dies at 91". Rafu Shimpo . July 19, 2013.
79. "Joan Lee, wife of comics legend Stan Lee, dies at 93". WIVB . July 6, 2017.
80. Tanner, Kathe (September 2, 2021). "At 102, SLO County actor and painter Nehemiah Persoff adds a new title — author". San Luis Obispo Tribune. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
81. "Dolores Hope Passes Away". Entertainment Tonight. September 19, 2011. Archived from the original on October 24, 2011.
82. Early, Gerald Lyn (1998). Ain't but a Place: An Anthology of African American Writings About St. Louis. Missouri History Museum. p. 166. ISBN   978-1-883982-28-7 . Retrieved February 6, 2014.
83. "Florida, County Marriages, 1823–1982" . Ancestry.com . 2016.
84. "Alma Whitman Obituary". The Florida Times-Union . February 19, 2009 – via Legacy.com.
85. Leopold, Todd (October 6, 2005). "The truth about Alan Alda". CNN.
86. "California, Marriage Index, 1949–1959" . Ancestry.com. 2013.
87. "Los Angeles Times". August 20, 1989.^{[ dead link ]}
88. "William Schallert". TCM. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016.
89. Bergan, Ronald (August 7, 2018). "Mary Carlisle obituary". The Guardian .
90. Scott, A. O. (November 4, 2010). "Oscar Catches Up With Uncle Eli". The New York Times.
91. Dagan, Carmel (June 25, 2014). "Eli Wallach, 'The Good, the Bad and the Ugly' Star, Dies at 98". Variety.
92. "Eli Wallach's 'Good' Times". NPR. May 22, 2004. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
93. McLellan, Dennis (February 21, 1991). "Story Doesn't End at 'Fly Away Home'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
94. "John Weld, 98; Newspaperman, Author, Screenwriter". Los Angeles Times. July 22, 2003. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
95. "Anne Douglas". The Douglas Archives. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
96. "Hollywood icon Kirk Douglas dies aged 103". Australian Broadcasting Corporation . February 5, 2020.
97. Goldstein, Joelle (January 11, 2019). "Pat Boone's Wife of 65 Years, Shirley, Dies: 'I've Parted with My Better Half for a Little While'". People. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
98. "Saint, Hayden Star In Staged Reading Of 'On The Divide' 5/16 At Poway". BroadwayWorld LA. May 16, 2009. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
99. https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/jane-wyatt-1910-2006/2/
100. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fathers-jane-wyatt-dies-at-140326/
101. "Just who is Danny Aiello?". CBS News. October 19, 2014.
102. "Mary Carlisle, a perpetual ingenue in dozens of 1930s films, dies at 104". Los Angeles Times. August 1, 2018.
103. Lester, Shallon (October 30, 2008). "Estelle Reiner, wife of Carl and mother of Rob, dies at 94". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
104. Welkos, Robert W. & King, Susan (April 6, 2008). "Charlton Heston, 84; actor was larger than life, on screen and off". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 21, 2011– via Boston.com.
105. Corliss, Richard (April 10, 2008). "Charlton Heston: The Epic Man". TIME. Archived from the original on April 14, 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
106. https://www.onthisday.com/date/1922/september/28
107. https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/31/obituaries/james-cagney-is-dead-at-86-master-of-pugnacious-grace.html
108. "Ellin Mackay Wed To Irving Berlin". The New York Times. January 5, 1926.
109. "Paula Prentiss". TCM. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012.
110. Gliatto, Tom (June 3, 1996). "Hollywood Squares: Dick and Paula Benjamin Are Together Forever". People. Vol. 45, no. 22. Archived from the original on May 15, 2010.
111. Cutler, Jacqueline (December 14, 2002). "Martin Sheen, acting president and tireless activist". The Dispatch.
112. Cusey, Rebecca (December 22, 2011). "Martin Sheen talks about his Golden Anniversary with Wife Janet". Patheos .
113. "Mark Margolis, Actor on 'Breaking Bad' and 'Better Call Saul,' Dies at 83". Hollywood Reporter. August 4, 2023.
114. Geary, Tim (February 23, 2004). "Shining star of the Coppola dynasty". The Daily Telegraph.
115. Kerr, Sarah (June 22, 2008). "Eleanor and Francis". The New York Times.
116. "Eleanor Coppola, matriarch of a filmmaking family, dies at 87". AP News. April 12, 2024. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
117. "Dick Van Patten". Biography.com.
118. Warren, Jill (August 1954). "What's New from Coast to Coast" (PDF). TV Radio Mirror . Vol. 42, no. 3. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
119. Higdon, Todd G. (March 29, 2008). "'A wonderful life'". The Neosho Daily News . Neosho, Missouri, USA. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
120. "Here Tonight". The Nashville Tennessean . November 4, 1962. p. 13-C.
121. "Singer learned young how to rock the house". Las Vegas Review-Journal . August 17, 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
122. "Hollywood star for Stiller couple". BBC News. February 10, 2007. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
123. "William (Bill) Schuyler 1922 ~ 2013". Monterey Herald . January 17, 2014 – via Legacy.com.
124. "The Miami News". January 4, 1963.^{[ dead link ]}
125. Barnes, Mike (April 24, 2023). "Ginnie Newhart, Wife of Bob Newhart, Dies at 82". The Hollywood Reporter.
126. "Bill Cosby Biography (1937-)". Filmreference.com.
127. "Lottie Zukor (born Kaufman), 1875-1956". MyHeritage .
128. Krebs, Albin (June 11, 1976). "Adolph Zukor Is Dead at 103; Built Paramount Movie Empire". The New York Times.
129. Mears, Tyler (April 11, 2016). "Tom Jones' wife Linda dies after "short but fierce" battle with cancer". Wales Online. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
130. Mullen, Rodger (March 27, 2011). "William Christopher reflects on 'M*A*S*H'". The Fayetteville Observer . Archived from the original on November 25, 2011.
131. Kornblatt, Aileen (January 22, 2013). "Autism Gala Celebrates 25 Years Of Friends, Family". Princeton Patch. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013.
132. "William Christopher". Best Care Anywhere. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
133. "Dolly and Carl's 50th Wedding Anniversary". dollyparton.com. May 22, 2015.
134. https://variety.com/2014/film/people-news/dorothy-mitchum-widow-of-actor-robert-mitchum-dies-at-94-1201158469/
135. https://www.thewrap.com/dorothy-spence-mitchum-wife-actor-robert-mitchum-57-years-dead-94/
136. Sturt, Kristen (July 21, 2014). "The 15 Long Celebrity Marriages We Admire Most". Huffington Post .
137. "Hugh Woolner : Titanic Survivor". Encyclopedia Titanica. March 16, 1998.
138. "From the Archives: Cowboy Actor Joel McCrea Dies at 84". Los Angeles Times. October 21, 1990.
139. "Engelbert Humperdinck | Music Artist, Actor, Music Department". IMDb .
140. O'Neill, Natalie (September 25, 2013). "Thunderbirds legend Shane Rimmer celebrates 50th wedding anniversary with wife Sheila". Times Series .
141. "Johnny Stearns, 85, Half of Star Sitcom Duo". The New York Times . December 9, 2001. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
142. "Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis, Jr., Celebrate Their 40th Wedding Anniversary July 26 – "Faith and Friendship Keep Us Together"". New Music Reviews. July 27, 2009. Archived from the original on February 24, 2012.
143. "Obituary: Robert Sterling, 88, of 'Topper'". The New York Times. June 1, 2006.
144. "Benny Show's Phil Harris Dies at 91". Los Angeles Times . August 13, 1995. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
145. "Sir Christopher Lee dies aged 93". BBC News. June 11, 2015.
146. "James Vincent McNulty". Los Angeles Times. May 18, 2007 – via Legacy.com.
147. Lindert, Hattie; Crowley, James (December 27, 2023). "Billy Crystal's Wife: Meet Janice, His Spouse of Over 50 Years". Hollywood Life.
148. Jones, Kenneth (February 6, 2003). "Peter Shaw, Angela Lansbury's Producer-Agent Husband, Dead at 84". Playbill . Retrieved February 21, 2011.
149. "Lansbury returns to TV in family drama". USA Today. January 29, 2004. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
150. @StephenKing (January 2, 2019). "A couple of kids got married 48 years ago today. So far it's worked out pretty well. Still in love" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
151. "Hollywood actor Mustin claimed by death at 92". St. Joseph News-Press. January 29, 1977. p. 2A. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
152. "Barbara Anderson of 'Ironside': Why I Quit TV for Home and Hearth". The Danville Register. July 18, 1971. p. 63.
153. "Billy Wilder Marries Singer Audrey Young". The Los Angeles Times. July 1, 1949. p. 4.
154. Upton, Michael A. (June 7, 1999). "They Love Lucci". People. Vol. 51, no. 21. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
155. Clifford, Kambra. "Helmut Huber, husband of All My Children star Susan Lucci, has died". Soap Central. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
156. Dodge, Robert (June 12, 2004). "Nancy Reagan is picture of devotion, strength". The Boston Globe.
157. Gallagher, Pat (January 22, 2015). "50th Anniversaries In 2015". Huffington Post.
158. Reedy, R. Scott (April 20, 2012). "Mitzi Gaynor still has 'Razzle Dazzle!'". The Patriot Ledger . Archived from the original on June 24, 2013.
159. Price, Betsy (February 19, 2013). "Stage legend Mitzi Gaynor dishes on her Hollywood life". USA Today.
160. "Hume Cronyn Biography". Biography.com. Archived from the original on August 19, 2012.
161. Shook, John R. (January 2005). Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN   978-1-84371-037-0.
162. Fraser, C. Gerald (August 14, 1977). "John Howard Lawson, 82, Writer Blacklisted by Hollywood in '47". The New York Times.
163. "Miss Louise Lovely Married In Melbourne". The Advertiser . November 27, 1928. p. 15 – via National Library of Australia.
164. Bertrand, Ina. "Lovely, Louise Nellie (1895–1980)". Australian Dictionary of Biography . National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
165. Oliver, Myrna (September 7, 2000). "Sons Ron, Clint followed her lead in acting trade". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
166. "Richard David Maloof". Neptune Society. Retrieved May 4, 2024.
167. Shultz, Cara Lynn (September 27, 2008). "Paul Newman 1925-2008". People. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
168. Wadington, Katie (March 27, 2018). "Appalachian novelist John Ehle dies at 92". Asheville Citizen-Times . Retrieved March 27, 2018.
169. King, Brittany (July 25, 2020). "Regis Philbin, Legendary Television Host, Dies at 88". People.
170. Weber, Bruce (February 5, 2021). "Christopher Plummer, Actor From Shakespeare to 'The Sound of Music,' Dies at 91". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved February 7, 2021.
171. "Roger Smith, '77 Sunset Strip' Star and Husband of Ann-Margret, Dies at 84". The Hollywood Reporter . June 5, 2017.
172. "Who is Sissy Spacek's Husband? All About Jack Fisk". December 31, 2023.
173. Barnes, Bart (November 1, 1993). "Federico Fellini Dies At 73". The Washington Post .

Bibliography

• Film portal
• United States portal
• Society portal
• Human sexuality portal

• Bach, Steven (2011). Marlene Dietrich: Life and Legend. University of Minnesota Press. p. 62. ISBN   978-0-8166-7584-5.
• Brown, Kelly R. (1999). Florence Lawrence, the Biograph girl: America's first movie star. McFarland. p. 106. ISBN   978-0-7864-0627-2. He is a director, she is an actress. Divorce is inevitable
• Grazer, Gigi Levangie (2005). "Seven stages of a Hollywood marriage". The starter wife . Simon & Schuster. p. 28. ISBN   978-0-7432-6502-7. Husband dumps wife by cellphone and upgrades to a younger version. (not verbatim)
• Rannow, Jerry (2002). Surviving Hollywood: your ticket to success. Allworth Communications, Inc. ISBN   978-1-58115-255-5.
• "The Sidney Poitiers Enjoy Solid Tinsel Town Marriage, Hollywood Author Reports". Jet. 69 (2). Johnson Publishing Company: 32. September 23, 1985. Retrieved May 28, 2009.