Human trafficking of North Korean women in China

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Many North Korean women fall victim to human trafficking upon migrating to the neighboring country of China. North Korea's discrimination of women in the workforce, the traditional familial view of women as a burden, [1] and the region's ever-increasing poverty serve as factors that motivate them to migrate to their neighboring country to find a better life. [2] China's one-child policy decreased the amount of women in the country, growing the demand for trafficked sex workers and brides. [3] As of 2020, an estimated 80% of North Korean defectors were women, 60% of whom were sold in China's extensive human trafficking network. [4] [3] Women and girls who are trafficked are bought by cybersex brokers, sold into marriage, and forced into prostitution. As of 2023, there are up to 500,000 such women and girls in China's northern provinces of Jilin, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang, where human trafficking industry exploded, reaching $105 million per year. [5] North Korea's punishments for defectors and China's lack of legal protection for North Korean refugees force women to withstand abuse to avoid facing deportation.

Contents

History

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the year 1991 [3] and wavering ties with Russia and China, [2] the North Korean regime lost financial support and fell into an increasingly severe economic depression. [6] [7] Many factories shut down due to a lack of natural resources and an inability to pay laborers, forcing the government to drastically cut food rations. [2] In 1994, Kim Jung Il announced that citizens had to be self-sufficient because he was shutting down the railway system, leaving many people without access to food. [3] [8] The ensuing famine [9] exacerbated by "agricultural disasters" killed 2 million North Koreans [2] [3] from 1996 to 1999. [10] In 2002, new economic policies increased the cost of food by 50% and decreased the purchasing power of money, this matter forcing people to spend 75 to 85% of money on groceries. [2] The ever-worsening starvation conditions in North Korea motivated families to migrate to the neighboring nation of China. [11] In the decade leading to 2006, 100,000 North Korean immigrants entered China searching for food and job security through the Yalu and Tumen rivers. [3]

The $105 million trafficking market of North Korean women [12] is mainly powered by the demand of the Shandong, Fujian, and Guangdong villages and the supply of the Yunnan province. [13] China's one-child policy enacted in 1980 [14] fueled the desire for trafficked women. When it was implemented, the law motivated an increase in female infanticides and sex-selective abortions, [15] creating the alarming ratio of 14 men to 1 woman that rural areas have today. [2] According to the United Nations Human Rights Council, men outnumbered women in China by 34 million in 2014. [16] The cultural practice of the commodifying of women also plays a role in China's rampant human trafficking situation, as, historically, Confucian beliefs encouraged families to sell women into concubinage and servitude. [13]

North Korean experiences with human trafficking

Some North Korean women are initially willing to be smuggled across the border in hopes of finding a better life. Although this is true, many women consent to this without knowing they are going to be trafficked, they can only hope for the best. Many times, smugglers promise to help them in good faith, but eventually sell them to trafficking brokers. [17] [2] Traffickers lure Korean women into migrating by promising them normal jobs in China like working as a maid or factory worker and then force them into the commercial sex industry. [2] In other cases, North Korean women are sold by their own family in the hopes that, in China, they will work to provide them with financial support. [2] [3] Some families also sell their North Korean daughters as brides to Chinese men under the false premise that they will receive compensation. [10]

There are many factors that facilitate the trafficking of North Korean women and girls, such as the fact that most traffickers are of ethnic Korean-Chinese men who are fluent in Korean, [2] this circumstance increasing the trust these women have in their smugglers. Other factors include the corruption among border guards that allow the smuggling of women [10] and the tendency of trafficked individuals to help traffic other Korean women. In 2019, 15% of the women and girls who were trafficked were bought by cybersex brokers, 30% were sold as brides, and 50% were forced into prostitution. [4] While under the control of their captors, more than 60% of women experienced physical and psychological abuse. [17] [2] [18] Trafficked North Korean women are forced to participate in sex, gang-rape, depraved cybersex performances, and hard labor (when sold to men in rural areas). [2] Traffickers also try to break trafficked women's spirits to flee by chaining them for long periods of time and submitting them through prolonged rape periods. [2] Women who forcefully refuse to be trafficked are beaten, starved, and even killed. [2]

Legislation

North Korea

The North Korean government claimed not having a human trafficking case for more than 50 years, an assertion that has maintained people ignorant of the trafficking of their female citizens. [2] Despite this claim, trafficked defectors are frequently caught in China and are sent to the North Korean-Chinese border to be interrogated, beaten, searched, and tortured [19] at police stations or detention centers. [16] If found guilty, trafficking brokers fare even worse, as those that are caught are sentenced to death and executed publicly. On the other hand, trafficking victims are tried as political criminals [2] and sent to labor camps for at least 5 years to perform hard labor under poor working conditions. [3] [16] In these labor camps, repatriated pregnant women are subject to induced abortions and infanticide as a way to keep North Korean lineages pure and rid the government of responsibility from financially supporting "foreign-blooded children". [2]

According to a 2021 report by the US Department of State, the North Korean government compels its citizens to work in China as forced labor (likely known and possibly sanctioned by China) to generate revenue for the North Korean government. [20] The forced labor involves working in hotels and restaurants as well as in cyber operations. [20]

China

China refuses to acknowledge North Koreans as refugees [21] due to its prioritization of its 1986 Repatriation Agreement with the communist country. [2] [10] To justify their deportation and rid itself of the financial responsibility of providing asylum to North Koreans, China labels them as economic migrants. [22] [3] In doing so, it excuses itself from violating the United Nation's Refugee Convention of 1951, [23] repatriating about 6,000 North Koreans annually. [4] The Human Rights Watch reported that China recently repatriated 500 North Korean refugees on October 9, 2023. [24] Consistent with its treatment of refugees, China has refused to sign the UN's Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children formulated in the year 2000. [2]

Although China does not consider North Koreans as refugees, it has taken multiple measures to discourage their migration and has implemented laws to diminish the prevalence of human trafficking. As of 2002, China officially increased police surveillance to watch for undocumented migrants and intensified the deportation of Korean defectors. [2] China also began to pay Chinese citizens to turn in Korean refugees and punished those who illegally helped them. [2] It fined employers up to US$600 for employing North Koreans, a matter that increased women's vulnerability to being trafficked. It is estimated that, in 2013, 1978 brokers were convicted for trafficking women and children in China [13] upon the implementation of stricter surveillance measures.

International Law

International bodies like the United Nations have taken action to remedy the trafficking of North Koreans. [25] In 1951, prior to the boom of human trafficking in China, the United Nations ratified the Refugee Convention, a document that protects refugees universally. Due to China's agreement to comply with the document, the UN has repeatedly urged the country to protect defectors who are afraid of repatriation. [2] Not only has China refused to abide by the convention, but it has repeatedly turned down the UN High Commission on Refugees’ requests to turn over North Korean refugees to them. [2]

International attitudes to helping trafficked North Korean refugees vary. A source indicates that the global community has formerly threatened China with sanctions, but that the threats were inconsistent and weak, [2] allowing China to neglect the issue.

As of 2013, the United States Department of State placed China on its Tier 3 Watch List due to its human trafficking problem. [13] Other countries are not as sensitive to this humanitarian crisis, as South Korea holds a discriminatory attitude towards North Korean refugees. [10] The Seoul government is “remarkably unwilling to accept” the 1000 migrants that try to enter its city every year due to the belief that the refugees’ lack of education will make them a burden to society. [10] Despite this fact, North Koreans are considered citizens of South Korea immediately upon crossing the border. [3] [26]

Types of human trafficking

Bride trafficking

North Korean women who are trafficked are promised a better life by bride traffickers if they agree to marry Chinese or Korean-Chinese men. A lot of women willingly accept because they fear that they will die of starvation if they stay in their country. [2] Although some North Korean women agree to arranged marriages in China in order to escape extreme poverty, many brokers deceive these vulnerable women by selling them into the sex industry or to undesirable partners (such as old, disabled, drunkard, or drug-using men). [2] [17] Women who cross safely may also be sold into marriage when kidnapped in areas where illegal migrants congregate. [23] [10] Prices for women vary in China from US$120 to US$1200. [10] North Korean women are desired by Chinese men because they find them to be ideal wife prospects due to the perception that they are “respectful and obedient”. [23] [3] Despite their popularity among purchasers, many men are sometimes reluctant to buy them because marriages with defectors are not legally recognized by the Chinese government. [27] If found, the family could be heavily fined and the Korean bride repatriated. [4] [28] [3] There are systemic barriers in China that keep women from escaping forced marriages. When wives run away, husbands can contact brokers and use their help to recapture brides. [3] Trafficked brides are sometimes sold again by their Chinese partners or kidnapped by their marriage traffickers. [2] [29] Chinese police and border guards are also accomplices. They arrest women under the premises of deportation but end up selling them to other men. [2]

Prostitution

Chinese venues of prostitution involve unlikely, average businesses such as hair salons, karaoke bars, hotels, saunas, cafes, and bathhouses, among others. North Korean female defectors between the ages of 15 and 25 are the group most severely abused in such places, where those trafficked experience abuse such as like gang-rape, groping, vaginal rape, and forced masturbation. [30] [31] Victims forced to work in such brothels sometimes catch venereal diseases. [32] Despite the health risks and social degradation they are subjected to in such acts, oftentimes these women only receive a small fraction of what customers pay for sex services. [33] [32]

Cybersex

Captured North Korean women and girls are forced to livestream their sexual abuse by cybersex business owners. [4] When sold into the cybersex industry, a Chinese purchaser usually keeps multiple women locked in an apartment performing sexual acts 7 days a week, for as many as 17 hours at a time. [34] Sometimes, women are physically abused and made dependent on drugs in order to keep them from escaping. [4] Emancipated Korean victims of cybersex traffickers are a few of the reliable sources that currently exist for documenting the daily life of individuals made to work in cybersex dens.

Autobiographies & memoirs about first-hand accounts

First-hand accounts from North Korean defectors that experienced human trafficking upon migrating from their native country are essential sources of information for scholars interested in the issue. Autobiographies and memoirs of defectors depict life in North Korea and provide testimonies for the problem of human trafficking in China.

Some notable works of literature that voice the struggles of many trafficked North Korean women are:

There are many more first-hand accounts that shed light to this issue, but these are some of the most widely-known memoirs today.

Organizations against the issue

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sex trafficking</span> Trade of sexual slaves

Sex trafficking is human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation. It has been called a form of modern slavery because of the way victims are forced into sexual acts non-consensually, in a form of sexual slavery. Perpetrators of the crime are called sex traffickers or pimps—people who manipulate victims to engage in various forms of commercial sex with paying customers. Sex traffickers use force, fraud, and coercion as they recruit, transport, and provide their victims as prostitutes. Sometimes victims are brought into a situation of dependency on their trafficker(s), financially or emotionally. Every aspect of sex trafficking is considered a crime, from acquisition to transportation and exploitation of victims. This includes any sexual exploitation of adults or minors, including child sex tourism (CST) and domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST).

People defect from North Korea for political, material, and personal reasons. Defectors flee to various countries, mainly South Korea. In South Korea, they are referred to by several terms, including "northern refugees" and "new settlers".

Forced prostitution, also known as involuntary prostitution or compulsory prostitution, is prostitution or sexual slavery that takes place as a result of coercion by a third party. The terms "forced prostitution" or "enforced prostitution" appear in international and humanitarian conventions, such as the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, but have been inconsistently applied. "Forced prostitution" refers to conditions of control over a person who is coerced by another to engage in sexual activity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human trafficking in South Africa</span>

Human trafficking in South Africa occurs as a practice of forced labour and commercial sexual exploitation among imported and exported trafficked men, women, and children. Generally, South African girls are trafficked for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and domestic servitude, while boys are used for street vending, food service, and agriculture. Anecdotal evidence suggests that South African children can also be forced to provide unpaid labor for landowners in return for land occupancy, living accommodation, or for maintaining labor tenancy rights. In any case, this form of unpaid labor has caused human trafficking to be described as a modern form of slavery. Human trafficking is the result of a combination of several factors, including gender inequality, economic instability, and political conflict. Since Africa experiences all of these, it is an active hub for human trafficking. Many urge for the need of a cultural shift to reduce instances of human trafficking by lessening the demand for sex and unpaid labor.

According to the United States Department of State, "Thailand is a source, destination, and transit country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labour and sex trafficking." Thailand's relative prosperity attracts migrants from neighboring countries who flee conditions of poverty and, in the case of Burma, military repression. Significant illegal migration to Thailand presents traffickers with opportunities to coerce or defraud undocumented migrants into involuntary servitude or sexual exploitation. Police who investigated reaching high-profile authorities also received death threats in 2015.

Vietnam is primarily a source country for women and children trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor. Women and children are trafficked to the People’s Republic of China (P.R.C), Cambodia, Thailand, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Macau for sexual exploitation. Vietnamese women are trafficked to the P.R.C., Taiwan, and the Republic of Korea via fraudulent or misrepresented marriages for commercial exploitation or forced labor. Vietnam is also a source country for men and women who migrate willingly and legally for work in the construction, fishing, or manufacturing sectors in Malaysia, Taiwan, P.R.C., Thailand, and the Middle East but subsequently face conditions of forced labor or debt bondage. Vietnam is a destination country for Cambodian children trafficked to urban centers for forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation. Vietnam has an internal trafficking problem with women and children from rural areas trafficked to urban centers for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor. Vietnam is increasingly a destination for child sex tourism, with perpetrators from Japan, the Republic of Korea, the P.R.C., Taiwan, the UK, Australia, Europe, and the U.S. In 2007, an Australian non-governmental organization (NGO) uncovered 80 cases of commercial sexual exploitation of children by foreign tourists in the Sa Pa tourist area of Vietnam alone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human trafficking</span> Trade of humans for exploitation

Human trafficking is the trade of humans for the purpose of forced labour, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation.

Sex trafficking in Thailand is human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation and slavery that occurs in the Kingdom of Thailand. Thailand is a country of origin, destination, and transit for sex trafficking. The sexual exploitation of children in Thailand is a problem. In Thailand, close to 40,000 children under the age of 16 are believed to be in the sex trade, working in clubs, bars, and brothels.

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Human trafficking in North Korea extends to men, women, and children for the purpose of forced labour, and/or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human trafficking in China</span>

China is a main source and also a significant transit and destination country for men, women, and children who are subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced labour and forced prostitution. Women and children from China are trafficked to Africa, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and North America, predominantly Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, and Japan for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labour. Women and children from Myanmar, Vietnam, Mongolia, former USSR, North Korea, Romania, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, and Ghana are trafficked to China for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labour.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bride buying</span> Trade of purchasing a bride

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Sex trafficking in China is human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation and slavery that occurs in the People's Republic of China. It is a country of origin, destination, and transit for sexually trafficked persons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sexual slavery in China</span>

Sexual slavery in China is sexual exploitation and slavery that occurs in the People's Republic of China.

Sex trafficking in Myanmar is human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation and slavery that occurs in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Myanmar is primarily a source and transit country for sexually trafficked persons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sex trafficking in Vietnam</span>

Sex trafficking in Vietnam is human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation and slavery that occurs in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Vietnam is a source and, to a lesser extent, destination country for sexually trafficked persons.

Sex trafficking in the Philippines is human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation and slavery that occurs in the Republic of the Philippines. The Philippines is a country of origin and, to a lesser extent, a destination and transit for sexually trafficked persons.

Cybersex trafficking, live streaming sexual abuse, webcam sex tourism/abuse or ICTs -facilitated sexual exploitation is a cybercrime involving sex trafficking and the live streaming of coerced sexual acts and/or rape on webcam.

Transnational marriages in the Sino-Vietnamese border areas of China have rapidly increased since the re-opening of the border in the 1990s. In the Sino-Vietnamese border areas, the building of intimation relationship is usually between a Chinese man and a Vietnamese woman. Historically, transnational marriages were common due to unclear state and ethnic boundaries in border areas. In the modern era, the formation of transnational marriages here is multifold. Thereinto, imbalanced economic development in border areas of China and Vietnam is one of the most significant incentives.

References

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