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The Candar dynasty or the House of Candar, Beylik of Candar, Principality of Candar, also known as the Isfendiyar dynasty (İsfendiyaroğulları) or Beylik of Isfendiyar, is an Oghuz Turkic princely Anatolian dynasty that reigned in the territories corresponding to the provinces of Eflani, Kastamonu, Sinop, Zonguldak, Bartın, Karabük, Samsun, Bolu, Ankara and Çankırı in present-day Turkey from the year 1291 to 1461. The region was known in Western literature as Paphlagonia, a name applied to the same geographical area during the Roman period.
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Alā ad-Dīn Kayqubād ibn Kaykhusraw, also known as Kayqubad I, was the Seljuq Sultan of Rûm who reigned from 1220 to 1237. He expanded the borders of the sultanate at the expense of his neighbors, particularly the Mengujek Beylik and the Ayyubids, and established a Seljuq presence on the Mediterranean with his acquisition of the port of Kalon Oros, later renamed Ala'iyya in his honor. The sultan, sometimes styled Kayqubad the Great, is remembered today for his rich architectural legacy and the brilliant court culture that flourished under his reign.
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The Ottoman–Persian Wars or Ottoman–Iranian Wars were a series of wars between Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (Persia) through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today Turkey in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly Sunni and the Safavids being Shia. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Iraq.
The timeline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum (1077–1307) is summarized below.
The Battle of Yassıçemen was a battle fought in Anatolia, in what is now Erzincan Province, Turkey in 1230.
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İzzettin İsfendiyar Bey, was a member of the Candar dynasty that reigned as bey from 1385 until his death in 1440. Although the name of the dynasty is Candar, following his reign, as a testament to its longevity certain historians of the Ottoman Empire also began to refer to the beylik by the name İsfendiyar.
Sökmen was a Turkoman emir of the Seljuk Empire in the early 12th century.
Zaheer-ul-Daulah Artuk Beg, known as Artuk Bey, was a Turkoman commander of the Seljuk Empire in the 11th century, chief of the Oghuz tribe of Döğer, and eponymous founder of the Artuqid dynasty. His father's name was Eksük. He was the Seljuk governor of Jerusalem between 1085–1091. Although the Artuqid dynasty was named after him, actually the dynasty was founded by his sons Sökmen and Ilghazi after his death. He was also father to Alp-Yaruq, Bahram, Abd al-Jabar, and three other sons.
Şemseddin Yaman Candar, was the eponymous founder and first bey of the Candar dynasty and principality in late 13th century Anatolia. He reigned as Bey of the Principality of Candar from 1291 until his death in 1309.
Belek Ghazi was a Turkish bey in the early 12th century.
Alaaddin Mosque is a historical mosque in Sinop City, Sinop Province, Turkey.
Celaleddin Bayezid, was a prince of the Candar dynasty that reigned as Bey of the Principality of Candar from 1361 until 1383.
References
- ↑ Yücel-Sevim p. 181
- ↑ Enfal history page (in Turkish)
- ↑ Yücel-Sevim p. 183