| Hydnellum scrobiculatum | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Thelephorales |
| Family: | Bankeraceae |
| Genus: | Hydnellum |
| Species: | H. scrobiculatum |
| Binomial name | |
| Hydnellum scrobiculatum | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
| |
Hydnellum scrobiculatum, commonly known as the ridged tooth or rough hydnellum [7] , is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, it is found in Asia, Europe, and North America.
The fungus was first described as a species of Hydnum by Elias Magnus Fries in his 1815 work Observationes mycologicae. [8] Petter Karsten transferred it to the genus Hydnellum in 1879. [9] Canadian mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison published the variety H. scrobiculatum var. zonatum as a new combination in 1961, [10] but this is now considered to be synonymous with Hydnellum concrescens . [11] Common names given to the species include "pitted corky spine fungus", [12] and the British Mycological Society recommended name "ridged tooth". [13]
Fruitbodies of Hydnellum scrobiculatum have centrally depressed caps measuring 2–6 cm (0.8–2.4 in) in diameter. These caps can fuse together to form concrescent fruitbodies. The caps have wavy edges, and an initially felty surface that becomes scaly with age. Young fruit bodies are white, then pinkish-brown, then purplish brown, sometimes with white margins. [14] Fruitbodies can become shiny in age. [15]
The spines on the cap underside are up to 4 mm long. They are initially white, but become purplish brown in maturity. [14] The spines are decurrent—they run down the length of the stipe. [16] The stipe, which is roughly the same color as the cap, measures 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) long by 1–1.5 cm (0.4–0.6 in) thick. [14] Mycelium at the base of the stipe envelops and grows around forest litter. [16] The flesh smells mealy (similar to freshly ground flour). [12] The edibility of the fruitbody was previously unknown, but Roger Phillips calls it "poor". [17] In general, Hydnellum species are too acrid and woody to be palatable. [18]
Like all Hydnellum species, H. scrobiculatum produces a brown spore print. [15] Individual spores have a more or less spherical shape, with dimensions of 5.5–6.5 by 4–5.6 μm. They have wart-like projections (tubercles) on the surface. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are narrowly club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 23–29 by 5–6.5 μm. [12]
There are several species that Hydnellum scrobiculatum is often confused with—especially older specimens. These include H. spongiosipes , H. ferrugineum , and H. concrescens . [19] The latter species is particularly similar to H. scrobiculatum, a fact that has been highlighted by conservation efforts in the UK. [20] [21]
Hydnellum scrobiculatum fruits singly, in clusters, or in fused groups in both coniferous and mixed forest. It is found in Asia, Europe, and North America. [12] In the United Kingdom, it is considered vulnerable according to the biodiversity action plan for stiped hydnoid fungi, [22] and endangered according to the Red Data List. [15]
Hydnellum peckii is a fungus in the genus Hydnellum of the family Bankeraceae. It is a hydnoid species, producing spores on the surface of vertical spines or tooth-like projections that hang from the undersurface of the fruit bodies. It is found in North America, Europe, and was recently discovered in Iran (2008) and Korea (2010). Hydnellum peckii is a mycorrhizal species, and forms mutually beneficial relationships with a variety of coniferous trees, growing on the ground singly, scattered, or in fused masses.
Hydnellum is a genus of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, the genus contains around 40 species. The fruitbodies of its members grow by slowly enveloping nearby bits of grass and vegetation. There is great variability in the form of Hydnellum fruitbodies, which are greatly influenced by environmental conditions such as rainfall and humidity, drying winds, and temperature. They are too tough and woody to eat comfortably. Several species have become the focus of increasing conservation concern following widespread declines in abundance.
Hydnellum concrescens is an inedible fungus, commonly known as the zoned hydnellum or zoned tooth fungus. As with other tooth fungi, the spores are produced on spines on the underside of the cap, rather than gills. It has a funnel-shaped cap, typically between 2 and 7 cm in diameter, which has characteristic concentric zones of color. The cap may also have radial ridges extending from the center to the margins. The spines are pink in young specimens, but turn brown with age.
Hydnellum caeruleum, commonly known as the blue-gray hydnellum, blue-green hydnellum, blue spine, blue tooth, or bluish tooth, is an inedible fungus found in North America, Europe, and temperate areas of Asia.
Bankera is a genus of four species of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae. The genus was first circumscribed in 1951 by William Chambers Coker and Alma Holland Beers, but this publication was invalid according to the rules of botanical nomenclature. It was later published validly by Zdeněk Pouzar in 1955. The type species is B. fuligineoalba. The genus is ectomycorrhizal with gymnosperms, usually with trees from the pine family.
Phellodon is a genus of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae. Species have small- to medium-sized fruitbodies with white spines on the underside from which spores are released. All Phellodon have a short stalk or stipe, and so the genus falls into the group known as stipitate hydnoid fungi. The tough and leathery flesh usually has a pleasant, fragrant odor, and develops a cork-like texture when dry. Neighboring fruitbodies can fuse, sometimes producing large mats of joined caps. Phellodon species produce a white spore print, while the individual spores are roughly spherical to ellipsoid in shape, with spiny surfaces.
Hydnellum aurantiacum is an inedible fungus, commonly known as the orange spine or orange hydnellum for its reddish orange or rusty red colored fruit bodies. Like other tooth fungi, it bears a layer of spines rather than gills on the underside of the cap. Due to substantial declines in sightings, this species is listed as critically endangered in the United Kingdom.
The hydnoid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota with basidiocarps producing spores on pendant, tooth-like or spine-like projections. They are colloquially called tooth fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the genus Hydnum, but it is now known that not all hydnoid species are closely related.
Hydnellum ferrugineum, commonly known as the mealy tooth or the reddish-brown corky spine fungus, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. A widely distributed species, it is found in north Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. The fungus fruits on the ground singly or in clusters in conifer forest, usually in poor or sandy soil. Fruit bodies are somewhat top-shaped, measuring 3–10 cm (1–4 in) in diameter. Their velvety surfaces, initially white to pink, sometimes exude drops of red liquid. The lower surface of the fruit body features white to reddish-brown spines up to 6 mm long. Mature fruit bodies become dark reddish brown in color, and are then difficult to distinguish from other similar Hydnellum species. H. ferrugineum forms a mat of mycelia in the humus and upper soil where it grows. The presence of the fungus changes the characteristics of the soil, making it more podzolized.
Hydnellum fuscoindicum, commonly known as the violet hedgehog, is a species of tooth fungus in the genus Hydnellum. It is found in the Pacific Northwest in moss around western hemlocks. It produces fruit bodies with a violet-black cap, violet flesh, and violet spines on the cap underside. The odor and taste are very farinaceous. The fungus was first described by Kenneth A. Harrison in 1964 as a species of Hydnum, then transferred to Sarcodon in 1967 by Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus. He placed this species in section Violacei of Sarcodon, along with H. fuligineoviolaceum and H. joeides.
Hydnellum auratile is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Fruit bodies of the fungus consist of closely grouped, funnel-shaped caps up to 5 cm (2.0 in) in diameter. The caps are initially bright orange with a white rim, and have a felt-like surface. On the cap underside, the hymenium has hanging orange spines with whitish tips. These spines extend a ways down the length of the short stipe. The flesh is orange in both the cap and stipe. In mass, the spores are brown. Microscopically, they measure 4–5 by 3.5–4.5 µm and have short, rounded tubercles on the surface. The widespread Hydnellum aurantiacum is a close lookalike, but can be distinguished by having a white to buff cap, dull orange to brown flesh, and white spines.
Hydnellum cyanopodium, commonly known as the blue foot or bleeding blue tooth, is an inedible fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It occurs in the Pacific Northwest region of North America.
Hydnellum regium is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in western North America, it was described as new to science in 1964 by Canadian mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison, who reported collections from Oregon, Idaho, and Colorado. It fruits singly or in groups under pine and spruce trees.
Hydnellum scleropodium is a rare species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was described as new to science in 1964 by Canadian mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison. The fungus has been collected in Tennessee, North Carolina, and Nova Scotia, in both mixed and coniferous forest. Its fruitbody has an irregular, brownish cap measuring 10–25 cm (4–10 in) wide. The sclerotium-like stipe measures 3–9 cm (1.2–3.5 in) long by 2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in) thick, and roots into the ground. The flesh has a strong, fragrant odor. Spines on the cap underside, blue in color, are up to 11 mm long.
Phellodon niger, commonly known as the black tooth, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae, and the type species of the genus Phellodon. It was originally described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1815 as a species of Hydnum. Petter Karsten included it as one of the original three species when he circumscribed Phellodon in 1881. The fungus is found in Europe and North America, although molecular studies suggest that the North American populations represent a similar but genetically distinct species.
Phellodon confluens, commonly known as the fused cork hydnum, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was originally described in 1825 as Hydnum confluens by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon. Czech mycologist Zdenek Pouzar transferred it to the genus Phellodon in 1956. The fungus is found in Asia, Europe, and North America. It is considered vulnerable in Switzerland.
Phellodon melaleucus, commonly known as the grey tooth, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was originally described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1815 as a species of Hydnum. In 1881, Petter Karsten included it as one of the original three species in his newly circumscribed genus Phellodon. The fungus is widely distributed in Europe and North America, where it associates mycorrhizally with a wide range of host trees. It is considered vulnerable in Switzerland.
Hydnellum joeides is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae.
Hydnellum gracilipes is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was first described scientifically in 1886 by Petter Karsten, who called it Hydnum gracilipes. He transferred it to the genus Hydnellum in 1879. Fruit bodies of the fungus have a pinkish to reddish-brown colour, a delicate texture described as "felty or papery", and flimsy stipes. Its spores are roughly spherical with a diameter of no more than 5 µm. H. gracilipes is found in northern Europe, where it is mycorrhizal with pine. Collections made in Scotland have been found by lifting the dense ground cover of common heather, which the fungus seems to use to as support to compensate for its flimsy stipe.
Kenneth A. Harrison was a Canadian mycologist. He was for many years a plant pathologist at what is now the Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre in Nova Scotia. After retirement, he contributed to the taxonomy of the Agaricomycotina, particularly the tooth fungi of the families Hydnaceae and Bankeraceae, in which he described several new species.
Hydnellum scrobiculatum | |
|---|---|
 | Teeth on hymenium |
  | Cap is flat or depressed |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Ecology is mycorrhizal |
 | Edibility is inedible |
