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The parabasalids are a group of flagellated protists within the supergroup Excavata. Most of these eukaryotic organisms form a symbiotic relationship in animals. These include a variety of forms found in the intestines of termites and cockroaches, many of which have symbiotic bacteria that help them digest cellulose in woody plants. Other species within this supergroup are known parasites, and include human pathogens.
Perkinsus is a genus of alveolates in the phylum Perkinsozoa. The genus was erected in 1978 to better treat its type species, Perkinsus marinus, known formerly as Dermocystidium marinum. These are parasitic protozoans that infect molluscs, at least some of which cause disease and mass mortality. P. marinus is the most notorious, causing the disease perkinsosis, or dermo, in wild and farmed oysters.
Chaos is a genus of single-celled amoeboid organisms in the family Amoebidae. The largest and best-known species, the so-called "giant amoeba" Chaos carolinensis, can reach lengths of 5 mm, although most specimens fall between 1 and 3 mm.
Spirostomum is a genus of free-living ciliate protists, belonging to the class Heterotrichea. Species of Spirostomum are found in both salt and fresh water. All are elongated, flexible and highly contractile. Although unicellular, members of some species can grow as long as 4 mm (0.16 in).
Sphaerothecum destruens is a parasite of fish. It was first discovered in the United States in association with invasive species including topmouth gudgeon, but was found to be the causative agent of a disease in the UK affecting salmonid species such as Atlantic salmon and brown trout. It is thought to pose more of a risk in Europe than in the US, as native species there are more susceptible to the parasite. The disease causes high rates of morbidity and mortality in a number of different salmonid species and can also infect other UK freshwater fish such as bream, carp, and roach. The genus Sphaerothecum is closely related to the genera Dermocystidium and Rhinosporidium.
Jakobids are an order of free-living, heterotrophic, flagellar eukaryotes in the supergroup Excavata. They are small, and can be found in aerobic and anaerobic environments. The order Jakobida, believed to be monophyletic, consists of only twenty species at present, and was classified as a group in 1993. There is ongoing research into the mitochondrial genomes of jakobids, which are unusually large and bacteria-like, evidence that jakobids may be important to the evolutionary history of eukaryotes.
Thaumatomonadida is an order of flagellates.
Rhytidocystis is a genus of apicomplexans. It is the only genus within the monotypic family Rhytidocystidae. The species of this genus are parasitic protozoa found in marine annelids.
Plagiopyla is a genus of ciliates. It includes nine species:
Centropyxis is a genus of lobose testate amoebae (Amoebozoa), including the species Centropyxis aculeata.
Goniomonas is a genus of Cryptomonads and contains five species. It is a genus of single-celled eukaryotes, including both freshwater and marine species. It lacks plastids, which is very unusual among all of the Cryptophyte genera. It may reflect one of only a small number of times that the Cryptophytes evolved into freshwater habitats. Goniomonas seems to have a number of freshwater relatives which have not yet been cultured and named.
Amoebophyra is a genus of dinoflagellates. Amoebophyra is a syndinian parasite that infects free-living dinoflagellates that are attributed to a single species by using several host-specific parasites. It acts as "biological control agents for red tides and in defining species of Amoebophrya." Researchers have found a correlation between a large amount of host specify and the impact host parasites may have on other organisms. Due to the host specificity found in each strain of Amoebophrya's physical makeup, further studies need to be tested to determine whether the Amoebophrya can act as a control against harmful algal blooms.
Andalucia is a genus of jakobids.
Climacostomum is a genus of unicellular ciliates, belonging to the class Heterotrichea.
Peranema is a genus of free-living phagotrophic euglenids. There are more than 20 nominal species, varying in size between 8 and 200 micrometers. Peranema cells are gliding flagellates found in freshwater lakes, ponds and ditches, and are often abundant at the bottom of stagnant pools rich in decaying organic material. Although they belong to the class Euglenoidea, and are morphologically similar to the green Euglena, Peranema have no chloroplasts, and do not conduct autotrophy. Instead, they capture live prey, such as yeast, bacteria and other flagellates, consuming them with the help of a rigid feeding apparatus called a "rod-organ." Unlike the green euglenids, they lack both an eyespot (stigma), and the paraflagellar body (photoreceptor) that is normally coupled with that organelle. However, while Peranema lack a localized photoreceptor, they do possess the light-sensitive protein rhodopsin, and respond to changes in light with a characteristic "curling behaviour."
Mesodinium chamaeleon is a ciliate of the genus Mesodinium. It is known for being able to consume and maintain algae endosymbiotically for days before digesting the algae. It has the ability to eat red and green algae, and afterwards using the chlorophyll granules from the algae to generate energy, turning itself from being a heterotroph into an autotroph. The species was discovered in January 2012 outside the coast of Nivå, Denmark by professor Øjvind Moestrup.
Perkinsidae is a family of alveolates in the phylum Perkinsozoa, a sister group to the dinoflagellates.
The Platyproteum are a genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa. Species in this genus infect marine invertebrates.
Diplonemidae is a family of biflagellated unicellular protists that may be among the more diverse and common groups of planktonic organisms in the ocean. Although this family is currently made up of three named genera; Diplonema, Rhynchopus, and Hemistasia, there likely exist thousands of still unnamed genera. Organisms are generally colourless and oblong in shape, with two flagella emerging from a subapical pocket. They possess a large mitochondrial genome composed of fragmented linear DNA. These non-coding sequences must be massively trans-spliced, making it one of the most complicated post-transcriptional editing process known to eukaryotes.
Parvularia atlantis is a filopodiated amoeba which was isolated from a lake in Atlanta and deposited in the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) under the name Nuclearia sp. ATCC 50694 on 1997 by TK Sawyer. It was classified under the genus Nuclearia and morphologically resembles to Nuclearia species, although it is smaller. Later it was determined that it phylogenetically belongs to a new nucleariid lineage., distantly related to Nuclearia and Fonticula genera –the other two previously described nucleriid genera–.
References
- ↑ Julia Walochnik; Rolf Michel; Horst Aspöck (2004). "A molecular biological approach to the phylogenetic position of the genus Hyperamoeba". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology . 51 (4): 433–440. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00391.x. PMID 15352326. S2CID 22641939.
- ↑ Anna Maria Fiore-Donno; Akiko Kamono; Ema E. Chao; Manabu Fukui; Thomas Cavalier-Smith (March 2010). "Invalidation of Hyperamoeba by transferring its species to other genera of Myxogastria". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology . 57 (2): 189–196. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00466.x. PMID 20113379. S2CID 1522640.
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