Internet filtering in Indonesia was deemed "substantial" in the social arena, "selective" in the political and internet tools arenas, and there was no evidence of filtering in the conflict/security arena by the OpenNet Initiative in 2011 based on testing done during 2009 and 2010. Testing also showed that Internet filtering in Indonesia is unsystematic and inconsistent, illustrated by the differences found in the level of filtering between ISPs. [1] Indonesia was rated "partly free" in Freedom on the Net 2020 with a score of 49, midway between the end of the "free" range at 30 and the start of the "not free" range at 60. [2]
Although the government of Indonesia holds a positive view about the internet as a means for economic development, it has become increasingly concerned over the impact of access to information. It has shown an interest in increasing its control over offensive online content, particularly pornographic and anti-Islamic online content. The government regulates such content through legal and regulatory frameworks and partnerships with ISP and Internet cafes. [1]
Media reported that selective blocking of some web sites for brief periods began in 2007–2008. Indonesia ordered ISPs to block YouTube in April 2008 after Google reportedly did not respond to the government's request to remove the film Fitna by the Dutch parliamentarian Geert Wilders, which purportedly mocked the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. [3] In May 2010, when an account on Facebook promoted a competition to draw Muhammad, government officials took a more focused approach and sent a letter to Facebook urging closure of the account, asked all ISPs to limit access to the account's link, and invited the Indonesian Association of Internet Cafe Entrepreneurs to restrict access to the group. Due to opposition from bloggers and civil societies, however, ISPs disregarded the government's requests, and the account remained accessible. [2]
In March 2008, the government passed the Law on Information and Electronic Transactions (ITE Law), which broadened the authority of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MCI) to include supervision of the flow of information and possible censorship of online content. In early 2010, the ministry published a draft Regulation on Multimedia Content that, if implemented, would require ISPs to filter or otherwise remove specific materials. The types of content listed include vaguely-worded categories such as pornography, gambling, hate incitement, threats of violence, exposure of private information, intellectual property, false information, and contents that degrade a person or group based on a physical or nonphysical attribute, such as disability. Following public outcry, the government announced that it would take time to process suggestions from the public before proceeding with the draft regulation. [2]
Under the ITE Law, anyone convicted of committing defamation online faces up to six years in prison, and a fine of up to one billion rupiah (US$111,000). As of June 2010, there were at least eight cases in which citizens had been indicted on defamation charges under the ITE Law for comments on e-mail lists, blogs, or Facebook. Prosecutions under the ITE Law have contributed to an increased atmosphere of fear, caution, and self-censorship among online writers and average users. [2]
In December 2023 The government watered down the electronic information and transaction law (ITE) after critics accused the Government of using the law to stifle opposition. Part of the changes include a higher burden of proof for prosecutions and halving of the maximum sentence from four to two years. [4]
On May 31, 2015, Kominfo mandated all home and cellular ISPs operating in Indonesia to redirect port 53 for censorship purposes. [5] This makes changing DNS in Indonesia without encrypted DNS protocol such as DNS-over-HTTPS or running recursive DNS server at home is impossible as all traditional DNS request with default port 53 that are not going to ISP's server are either blocked or redirected to each ISPs server.
Around April 2022, Kominfo started to implement censorship with Deep Packet Inspection on mobile provider such as Telkomsel, XL, 3, Indosat, and Smartfren. [6] One year later in April 2023, Kominfo started to implement it nationally on every border router going to international network [7] which caused many censored website in Indonesia cannot be accessed by simply using encrypted DNS. Providers in Indonesia such as PT Telkom Indonesia, FirstMedia, PT Saranainsan Mudaselaras, PT Indonesia Comnet Plus, [8] and other ISPs that have license from Kominfo are known for implementing DPI to have direct connection to international network. This is causing their customer such as smaller provider or company to be affected with DPI Filtering because of their upstream.
The way that the blocking mechanism works is by sending forged RST packet and a fake packet of 302 redirection to http://lamanlabuh.aduankonten.id/ to the user if they try to access blocked website in Indonesia.
In 2014, amid an online porn crackdown, Vimeo, Reddit and Imgur were blocked. [9]
In 2017, Telegram was blocked, as it was being used to spread "radical and terrorist propaganda." [10] Telegram was later unblocked after several agreements with the government. [11]
As of September 2018, some websites including Vimeo and Tumblr are censored as the government accused them of hosting content that includes nudity. [12] Tumblr was put back uncensored on December 17, 2018. [13]
On 22 May 2019, Indonesian government blocked Facebook, WhatsApp, and Instagram for three days after the 22 May riots in Jakarta to prevent hoaxes and fake news of the situation during the riots from spreading. The event also increased awareness of using VPN to access blocked content during the block. [14] [15]
On 22 August 2019, amid Papua protests, Indonesia's Communication Ministry said that on the previous night they cut off telecommunication data and Internet in Papua to "curb hoax and most importantly stop people from sharing provocative messages that can incite racial hatred" until and "if the situation has calmed". [16] As of 2 September 2019, the Internet blackout was ongoing. The government announced a ban on fake news and the "carrying out or spreading separatism in expressing opinions in public". [17]
On 21 July 2023, Indonesia blocked access to the Distributed Denial of Secrets website. [18]
Around the end of December 2023, Indonesia blocked access to Hypixel, a popular Minecraft server. [19]
In November 2020, Ministerial Regulation 5 (MR5) was implemented, introducing a number of major obligations on all private electronic service operators (ESOs) that do business in Indonesia. All ESOs must register with the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (Kominfo), and provide direct access to electronic systems and data to Kominfo and law enforcement when requested. ESOs must have at least one designee within the country to serve as a point of contact for their obligations. ESOs must not provide access to or "informing ways" of "prohibited content", defined as any content which violates Indonesian law or regulations, or creates "community anxiety" or "disturbance in public order". ESOs must also proactively monitor their services to prevent the dissemination of prohibited content. ESOs must comply with takedown requests for content that "disturbs the community or public order" within 24 hours of receipt, and child sexual abuse images, terrorism content, or any content that critically "disturbs the community or public order", within four hours. Violations of these obligations, including the obligation to register, are subject to fines and blockage. [20] [21]
MR5 has been criticised by human rights and free speech organisations such as Article 19 and the Electronic Frontier Foundation for its wide scope, mandating all internet services to be registered with the government, and the vague definition of "prohibited" content. [22] [21] In late-June 2022, Kominfo announced a 27 July 2022 deadline before it would begin blocking services for failure to register. On 30 July it was reported that Kominfo had ordered the blockage of eight ESOs, including Electronic Arts' Origin, Epic Games, PayPal, Valve Software (Steam and published games Counter-Strike: Global Offensive and Dota 2 ), Xandr, and Yahoo!. [23] Valve Corporation and Yahoo!'s blocks have been lifted since 2 August. [24]
An Internet filter is software that restricts or controls the content an Internet user is capable to access, especially when utilized to restrict material delivered over the Internet via the Web, Email, or other means. Content-control software determines what content will be available or be blocked.
The Great Firewall is the combination of legislative actions and technologies enforced by the People's Republic of China to regulate the Internet domestically. Its role in internet censorship in China is to block access to selected foreign websites and to slow down cross-border internet traffic. The Great Firewall operates by checking transmission control protocol (TCP) packets for keywords or sensitive words. If the keywords or sensitive words appear in the TCP packets, access will be closed. If one link is closed, more links from the same machine will be blocked by the Great Firewall. The effect includes: limiting access to foreign information sources, blocking foreign internet tools and mobile apps, and requiring foreign companies to adapt to domestic regulations.
Internet censorship in Australia is enforced by both the country's criminal law as well as voluntarily enacted by internet service providers. The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) has the power to enforce content restrictions on Internet content hosted within Australia, and maintain a blocklist of overseas websites which is then provided for use in filtering software. The restrictions focus primarily on child pornography, sexual violence, and other illegal activities, compiled as a result of a consumer complaints process.
Internet censorship in Pakistan is government control of information sent and received using the Internet in Pakistan. There have been significant instances of website access restriction in Pakistan, most notably when YouTube was banned from 2012 to 2016. Pakistan has asked a number of social media organisations to set up local offices within the country, but this is yet to happen.
Internet censorship in India is done by both central and state governments. DNS filtering and educating service users in suggested usages is an active strategy and government policy to regulate and block access to Internet content on a large scale. Measures for removing content at the request of content creators through court orders have also become more common in recent years. Initiating a mass surveillance government project like Golden Shield Project is an alternative that has been discussed over the years by government bodies.
Internet censorship is the legal control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet. Censorship is most often applied to specific internet domains but exceptionally may extend to all Internet resources located outside the jurisdiction of the censoring state. Internet censorship may also put restrictions on what information can be made internet accessible. Organizations providing internet access – such as schools and libraries – may choose to preclude access to material that they consider undesirable, offensive, age-inappropriate or even illegal, and regard this as ethical behavior rather than censorship. Individuals and organizations may engage in self-censorship of material they publish, for moral, religious, or business reasons, to conform to societal norms, political views, due to intimidation, or out of fear of legal or other consequences.
Iran is notable for the degree of internet censorship imposed by its government. Iran was in second place in the world for internet censorship in 2022 after repeatedly shutting off the internet in parts of the country and blocking access to social media platforms to curb protests stemming from Mahsa Amini's death, a new poll showed. The country now targets virtual private networks (VPNs) in order to completely cut people off from accessing outside media. Several popular social media platforms and instant messaging applications are blocked by the Iranian government and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), including YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, Telegram, Snapchat, Reddit, Medium, Instagram, and Threads. Some streaming services, including Netflix and Hulu, are also blocked by the government. Websites relating to health, science, sports, news, pornography, and shopping are also routinely blocked.
Internet censorship in the United Kingdom is conducted under a variety of laws, judicial processes, administrative regulations and voluntary arrangements. It is achieved by blocking access to sites as well as the use of laws that criminalise publication or possession of certain types of material. These include English defamation law, the Copyright law of the United Kingdom, regulations against incitement to terrorism and child pornography.
Censorship in Denmark has been prohibited since 1849 by the Constitution:
§ 77: Any person shall be at liberty to publish his ideas in print, in writing, and in speech, subject to his being held responsible in a court of law. Censorship and other preventive measures shall never again be introduced.
DNS hijacking, DNS poisoning, or DNS redirection is the practice of subverting the resolution of Domain Name System (DNS) queries. This can be achieved by malware that overrides a computer's TCP/IP configuration to point at a rogue DNS server under the control of an attacker, or through modifying the behaviour of a trusted DNS server so that it does not comply with internet standards.
The Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media, abbreviated as Roskomnadzor (RKN), is the Russian federal executive agency responsible for monitoring, controlling and censoring Russian mass media. Its areas of responsibility include electronic media, mass communications, information technology and telecommunications, supervising compliance with the law, protecting the confidentiality of personal data being processed, and organizing the work of the radio-frequency service.
Internet censorship in Ireland is a controversial issue with the introduction of a graduated response policy in 2008 followed by an effort to block certain file sharing sites starting in February 2009. Beyond these issues there are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or credible reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. Irish law provides for freedom of speech including for members of the press, and the government generally respects these rights in practice. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system act jointly to ensure freedom of speech and of the press.
Internet censorship circumvention, also referred to as going over the wall or scientific browsing in China, is the use of various methods and tools to bypass internet censorship.
The precise number of websites blocked in the United Kingdom is unknown. Blocking techniques vary from one Internet service provider (ISP) to another with some sites or specific URLs blocked by some ISPs and not others. Websites and services are blocked using a combination of data feeds from private content-control technology companies, government agencies, NGOs, court orders in conjunction with the service administrators who may or may not have the power to unblock, additionally block, appeal or recategorise blocked content.
The child abuse image content list is a list of URLs and image hashes provided by the Internet Watch Foundation to its partners to enable the blocking of child pornography & criminally obscene adult content in the UK and by major international technology companies.
GitHub has been the target of censorship from governments using methods ranging from local Internet service provider blocks, intermediary blocking using methods such as DNS hijacking and man-in-the-middle attacks, and denial-of-service attacks on GitHub's servers from countries including China, India, Iraq, Russia, and Turkey. In all of these cases, GitHub has been eventually unblocked after backlash from users and technology businesses or compliance from GitHub.
The Ministry of Communications and Informatics is an Indonesian government ministry that is responsible for communications, information affairs and internet censorship. The ministry reports to the president and is currently led by Budi Arie Setiadi, the Minister of Communications and Informatics.
This list of Internet censorship and surveillance in Europe provides information on the types and levels of Internet censorship and surveillance that is occurring in countries in Europe.
This list of Internet censorship and surveillance in Asia provides information on the types and levels of Internet censorship and surveillance that is occurring in countries in Asia