Internet in Bahrain

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Bahrain has been connected to the internet since 1995, and made it readily available to its citizens. [1] The country's domain suffix is '.bh'. [2] A 2004 study showed a liberal filtering system is used in Bahrain, one which can be easily bypassed, however more recent events have shown more sophisticated and pervasive filtering. [3] In January 2009, Bahrain has started blocking a vastly increased number of sites through the Information Affairs Authority (IAA). The new filtering has had a noticeable impact in internet access speeds for all traffic.

Contents

In 2010, there were about 694,000 internet users in Bahrain, or 55% of the population. [4] According to the World Bank, over 90% of the population is connected to the internet between 2010 and 2014. [5] This later rose to 96.4% (an estimated 1.29 million online) in 2015, thus making Bahrain the country with the highest internet penetration percentage in the Middle East. [6]

Internet penetration and usage

The growth in fixed telephone lines and the Internet has made Bahrain a regional information and communications technology leader. The country's connectivity score (a statistic which measures both Internet access and fixed and mobile telephone lines) is 210.4 percent per person, while the regional average in Arab States of the Persian Gulf is 135.37 percent. [7] The number of Bahraini Internet users has risen from 40,000 in 2000 [8] to 250,000 in 2008, [9] or from 5.95 to 33 percent of the population. The telecom market witnessed a remarkable development in November 2008 when Mena Telecom launched its nationwide WiMAX network, a service that provides high speed wireless voice and data services. [10]

To encourage creativity in domestic online content, in 2005 Bahrain launched an e-content award organised by the eGovernment Authority in Bahrain and the Bahrain Internet Society. The goal of the award is to select quality online content and to promote creativity and innovation in the development of new media applications in Bahrain. [11]

Bahrain's online community is small but dynamic. As of January 2008, there were over 535 websites based in Bahrain, focusing on 25 different themes (e.g., public forums); 59 websites for governmental organizations; and about 200 blogs, the majority of which are anonymous blogs. [12] Internet users in Bahrain use the Internet to debate sensitive issues and to exchange content that is not available in the traditional media. The authorities have blocked a number of news, religion, human rights, and humour Web sites run by Bahrainis and by non-Bahrainis, but users manage to access them using proxies. [12]

Bahrain's telecom market is regulated by the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA), which was established by Legislative Decree No. 48 of 2002 to protect the interests of subscribers and users and to promote effective and fair competition among established and new licensed operators. [13] As of 2008, the TRA has licensed 22 Internet Service Providers, [13] the largest of which is Batelco.

Internet Service Providers in Bahrain (ISP)

Surveillance and filtering

Users who try to access a blocked webpage see this message Bahrain-site-blocked.png
Users who try to access a blocked webpage see this message

The Ministry of Information has established a special unit which monitors Web sites for possible blocking. The government has indicated an interest in setting up a commission to monitor the press and Internet content to "report any incitement to confessionnalism." [26] Government efforts to monitor Web sites have also been confirmed by media reports that cite an official source saying that in addition to Web sites being monitored on a daily basis, the use of circumvention techniques to update banned Web sites is also being watched. Telecommunication Regulatory Authority - Kingdom of Bahrain, “Legislative Decree no. 48 of 2002 Promulgating the Telecommunications Law,” [27]

Results from first 2008-2009 test runs found limited blocking of pornographic and LGBT content and proxy and anonymizing services. However, after the January 2009 Ministerial decree, which ordered ISPs to implement an official filtering system, ONI found that the filtering of content in officially prohibited categories has become pervasive, which is an indication that the ISPs have started to use a commercial filtering system. Also, the ISPs have started to serve an explicit blockpage with a reference to the Ministerial decree.

Mid-February 2011, start of the Bahraini uprising, Internet traffic dropped by 20% due to aggressive government filtering. [28]

Arrested bloggers

On April 9, 2011, blogger Zakariya Rashid Hassan al-Ashiri died in prison after being tortured. He had been arrested for “inciting hatred,” “disseminating false news,” “promoting sectarianism,” and “calling for the regime’s overthrow in online forums.” [29]

A number of persons have been arrested for posting online messages: [29]

Social Media in Bahrain

Social media has played a role in fueling the unrest in Bahrain with "highly inflammatory" information, according to a report by the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry (BICI). [ citation needed ]

The Commission stated that it was "aware" of the impact of the use of social media websites, such as Facebook and Twitter, has had on some major social and political events in the contemporary world.

"The commission found numerous examples of exaggeration and misinformation, some highly inflammatory, that were disseminated through social media," the report stated.

Another issue raised in the findings was that mainstream media in Bahrain ignored views of opposition groups.

"The lack of access to mainstream media creates frustration within opposition groups and results in these groups resorting to other media such as social media," stated the report.

This, it said, could have a "destabilizing effect" because social media outlets were both untraceable and unaccountable.

The commission recommended the Bahrain government to relax censorship and allow the opposition greater access to television and radio broadcasts as well as print media.

Errors

The BICI team also met officials from Information Affairs Authority (IAA), who provided a file concerning the involvement of the international media in the events of February and March.

The IAA alleged that there was incitement practiced by some foreign media against Bahrain.

It also stated that the international media made factual errors when reporting on events.

"Much of this material contained derogatory language and inflammatory coverage of events, and some may have been defamatory,"said the BICI.

"However, the commission did not find any evidence of media coverage that constituted hate speech or incitement to violence." [30]

See also

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References

This article incorporates text from the OpenNet Initiative's August 6, 2009 Bahrain profile, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license.

  1. ↑ "The Internet in the Mideast and North Africa: Censorship and Free Expression". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 14 September 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2007.
  2. ↑ "Internet domain suffixes". ComputerHope.com. Retrieved 25 November 2007.
  3. ↑ "Internet Filtering in Bahrain 2004-2005". Open Net Initiative. Retrieved 16 September 2007.
  4. ↑ "World Development Indicators and Global Development Finance". Google Public Data. World Bank. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  5. ↑ "Internet users (per 100 people)". World Bank. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  6. ↑ "Middle East Internet Usage Statistics". Internet World Stats. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  7. ↑ "Arab Advisors Group reveals Bahrain's communications connectivity leading the region (press release)". AMEinfo. 5 August 2008. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
  8. ↑ "ITU Internet Indicators 2000". International Telecommunication Union. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
  9. ↑ "ITU Internet Indicators 2008". International Telecommunication Union. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
  10. ↑ Sutton, Mark (24 November 2008). "Mena Telecom launches WiMAX service in Bahrain". ITP .
  11. ↑ "Bahrain eContent Award" . Retrieved 12 September 2011.
  12. 1 2 "Internet censorship denies citizens access to popular public forums, news, alternative information, says BCHR". Bahrain Centre for Human Rights. 3 January 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
  13. 1 2 "Telecommunication Regulatory Authority - Kingdom of Bahrain" . Retrieved 12 September 2011.
  14. ↑ "Home". bix.bh.
  15. ↑ Batelco
  16. ↑ "Home". Etisalcom. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  17. ↑ "Pronto!". www.inetmail.com.bh. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  18. ↑ "Home". lightspeed.com.bh.
  19. ↑ "Home". mena.stc.com.bh. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  20. ↑ "North Star Technologies Bahrain". northstar.bh. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  21. ↑ "Nuetel Communications" . Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  22. ↑ "PRISM". www.prismwll.com. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  23. ↑ "Viacloud Telecom | Connecting Your World". Viacloud Telecom. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  24. ↑ "stc Bahrain | Home". www.viva.com.bh. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  25. ↑ "Zain Bahrain Home Page". www.bh.zain.com. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  26. ↑ Reporters Without Borders, “Press law amendments hailed but journalists still face jail and websites risk closure,” July 3, 2008, http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=27741.%5B%5D
  27. ↑ "The Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA) was established in 2002 promulgating the Telecommunications Law in the Kingdom of Bahrain". The Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA). Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  28. ↑ Keizer, Gregg (17 February 2011). "Bahrain clamps down on Web traffic as violence escalates". Computerworld. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  29. 1 2 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  30. ↑ Gulf Daily News [ dead link ]
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