Iris graminea

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Iris graminea
Iridaceae - Iris graminea.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Limniris
Section: Iris sect. Limniris
Series: Iris ser. Spuriae
Species:
I. graminea
Binomial name
Iris graminea
L.
Synonyms [1]
  • Chamaeiris graminea(L.) Medik.
  • Xiphion gramineum(L.) Schrank , Flora 7(2 Beibl.): 17 (1824).
  • Limniris graminea(L.) Fuss, Fl. Transsilv.: 637 (1866).
  • Xyridion gramineum(L.) Klatt , Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 30: 500 (1872).
  • Iris compressa Moench , Methodus: 529 (1794), nom. Illeg.
  • Iris suavis Salisb. , Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 44 (1796).
  • Iris sylvatica Balb. ex Roem. & Schult. , Syst. Veg. 1: 476 (1817).
  • Iris adamii Willd. ex Link , Jahrb. Gewächsk. 1(3): 72 (1820).
  • Iris bayonnensis Gren. & Godr. , Fl. France 3: 243 (1855).
  • Iris pseudocyperus Schur , Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 657 (1866).
  • Iris pseudogramineaSchur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 928 (1866).
  • Iris lamprophylla Lange , Bot. Tidsskr. 13: 17 (1882).
  • Iris nikitensisLange, Bot. Tidsskr. 13: 17 (1882).
  • Xiphion collinumN.Terracc.
  • Xiphion gramineum subsp. gramineum(L.) Schrank
  • Xiphion gramineum subsp. silvaticum(Balb.) Arcang.
Iris graminea - MHNT Iris graminea MHNT.BOT.2016.24.47.jpg
Iris graminea – MHNT

Iris graminea is a species of flowering plant belonging to the subgenus Limniris of the genus Iris , in particular the series Spuriae . It is a rhizomatous perennial, with purple or violet blue flowers almost hidden by narrow, grass-like leaves, and a plum scented fragrance. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It has several common names, including grass-leaved flag, grass leaved iris, plum iris and plum tart iris (due to its scent). This species naturally occurs in the southern half of Europe, from Spain and France in the West to Russia and the Caucasus in the East.

Contents

Description

Iris graminea has slender, short, hard rhizomes. [2] The plant has narrow grass-like foliage [3] and can grow up to 30–100 cm (12–39 in) long and 0.5–1.5 cm wide. [4] They can have many branches creating dense tufts, clumps or tussocks of plants. [5]

The flower has bright purple flowers and shiny, green leaves. [6] Some plants can have dark green leaves. [7] [8] They have strongly visible longitudinal veins. [9] The leaves are longer than the flowering stems. [10] [11] [12] After the plant has flowered, the foliage has the tendency to extend. [13] Later, the deciduous foliage dies back during the winter. [6]

Iris graminea has a flattened stem, [3] that grows up to 10–60 cm (4–24 in) long. [14] [15] The stems have 1–2 spathes (leaves of the flower bud), [16] which are unequal in size. [17] The lower spathe is larger and rather leaf-like. [17] The stems hold 1–2 terminal (top of stem) flowers, [3] [18] [11] blooming in spring and summer, between May and June. [19] [20] The stems are normally, unbranched, [21] but (if they have a second flower), the pedicel, is up to 6 cm long. [22]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'. [18] The falls have a long haft or claw, (section closest to the stem) and a small rounded or oval blade. [16] They are 3–5 cm (1–2 in) long. [23] The centre of the blade has a pale yellow [5] [13] or white central area, [24] which is veined with violet, [11] [18] purple, [21] or blue. [25] [11] Some references describe a dark purple area with white veining. [26] The claw is sometimes winged and tinged with green or brown, [27] or veined deep reddish-purple. The erect standards are purple blue, [28] purple, [11] or red-violet. They are 2–5 cm (1–2 in) long, with green or brown shade at the base. [23] It has a long and arching purple style branch [16] [27] (that is long as the haft), and has a dark purple centre stripe. [28] They have a brown base. [12]

It has an ovary with double ridges, a 2-pointed stigma and pollen that is orange-red. [3] It also has a short perianth tube. [22] After the iris has flowered, it produces a 3–4 cm (1–2 in) long seed capsule, [26] which has a narrowed point. [7] Inside the capsule are pear-shaped seeds, [22] [7] which are slightly compressed and flattened. [7]

The flower has been described as having a fruity scent. [4]

Genetics

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. Its chromosomes have been counted several times, including 2n=34, Simonet 1932; 2n=34, Lenz 1963; 2n=34, Popova, M., & I. Cesmedziev, (1975 & 1976); 2n=34, Colasante & Sauer, 1993; 2n=28, 34, 36, Lovka, 1995 and 2n=34, Dobeš et al., 1997. [16] It is generally published as 2n=34. [27] [29] [30]

Taxonomy

It is known as iris à feuilles de graminées or iris de Bayonne in France, [31] and Giaggiolo susino in Italy. [32] [33] It is known as kosaciec trawolistny in Polish, and iris trávolistý in Czech and Slovak. [34] and it is known as zlakovidny iris in Russia, [35] [24] [36] and gräsiris in Swedish,(meaning grass iris). [37] The Latin specific epithet graminea refers to grassy due to the grass-like leaves. [38] It has the common names grass-leaved flag (in the US) [39] [14] or grass leaved iris, [18] [16] plum iris, [40] [41] and plum tart iris [4] [6] [12] or plum scented iris (because of the scent). [19] [28] [15]

It was originally published and described by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum Vol. 1 page 39 on 1 May 1753. [29] [42] [43] It was later published by Ker-Gawler in Curtis's Botanical Magazine Vol. 18 page 681 in 1803. [16] Then by B. Fedtsch in Flora of SSSR Vol. 4 page 529 in 1935. [29] It was verified by the United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003 and then updated on 1 December 2004. [42] It is an accepted name by the RHS, and it gained the RHS's Award of Garden Merit. [19] [18]

Distribution

It is native to temperate areas of Europe, and Asia.

It is widespread from Spain to Russia. Within Asia, it is found in the Caucasus regions, [19] of Georgia, and the Russian Federation, [5] [27] (in Ciscaucasia and Dagestan). Also in Turkey (in Asia Minor). [35] [29] Within Europe, it is found in Austria, Bulgaria, [44] the Czech Republic and Slovakia, (in Moravia), ex-Yugoslavia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, and Ukraine, [8] [40] [42] (in Crimea, [2] [15] [24] ). It may be naturalized in the Moravia region of the Czech Republic, [26] and in Germany. [21]

Habitat

It is found growing in scrubland, grass lands, meadows (or pastures), [37] [34] [5] [40] open woods, [21] and in rocky or gravelly soils of the mountains. [35]

Conservation

I. graminea is an 'endangered species' in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, [45] it is also listed as 'vulnerable' in Hungary. [26] Within Saxony (Germany), it is listed as rare. [40] I. graminea is thought to be extinct in Poland, but was formerly found near Cieszyn. [46] It has been listed in various Red Data Books.

Cultivation

The flower of the Iris graminea Iridaceae - Iris graminea-4.JPG
The flower of the Iris graminea

I. graminea is hardy to between USDA Zones 3 and 9. [19] [14] [15] It is hardy to Europe Zone H2. [23] It can survive temperatures as low as −20 °C. [21] It is hardy in most places of the UK. During the winter, the foliage dies back, leaving the rhizome under the ground. In very cold climates, a mulch may help the plant survive colder temperatures. [6]

It can be grown in normal garden conditions. [3] [47] They prefer neutral or slightly acidic (or lime-free), [11] well drained, [6] and fertile (or humus rich) soils. [25] [12] They can tolerate dry soils, [39] or clay and heavy soils, but it prefers damp soils. [25] [19] [12] They prefer positions in full sun, [14] [41] and can tolerate partial shade. [25] [19] [6] It requires adequate watering during growth, [14] such as a moist spring and then drier during the summer. [6] Mature plants can tolerate drought periods. [13]

It can be fertilized in early spring and after flowers have bloomed. They can be grown in a front of a mixed border, [3] [47] or rockery. [37] [8] [11] As well as being naturalized in the garden, [48] they can be also grown in containers, as long as they are well watered. [25] The flowers can be used in bouquets, so can also be grown in a cutting garden. [28] [10] They do not like root disturbance, [13] similar to other spuria irises.

It suffers from no serious insect or disease problems. Crown rot is an infrequently occurring disease problem. It is susceptible to certain viruses, such as bacterial leaf blight, soft rot, rhizome rot, leaf spot, rust, viruses and scorch. [39] It is also can be susceptible to damage by insects such as; Iris borer, verbina bud moth, white flies, iris weevil (Mononychus punctumalbum), [49] thrips, slugs, snails, aphids and nematodes. [39] It can also tolerate damage from deer. Aphid Aphis newtoni can be found on the plant. [50] [13]

The iris has been cultivated since at least 1568. [21] [7] It was first grown in Cambridge Botanic Garden in 1733, [2] [34] where it was labelled as narrow leafed plum scent iris. [2] For many years it was grown in St. Petersburg Botanical Garden, [7] and the botanical garden of Ufa. [9]

It is the most commonly grown Iris spuria species, [3] [28] and can be easily found in plants nurseries, [21] though it is most commonly known in Europe. [19]

Propagation

It can also be propagated by division or by seed growing. It rarely needs lifting and dividing. Large clumps of mature plants can be lifted between mid-summer to early autumn, then divided before being replanted. [3] [39] As it does not like root disturbance, [13] so seed growing is preferred. If re-planted, they can take a year to 'settle' before beginning to bloom again. [21]

Seeds are collected from the pods after flowering. Seeds are then sown in containers in a cold frame in autumn, [39] or between September and May. Seeds should be kept moist for about 2–4 weeks and also warm (at about 15–20 °C). Then temperatures between −4 °C and + 4 °C suspend for 4–6 weeks. These conditions are best reached at the autumn sowing outdoors. Seed trays should then be kept at temperatures of 5 °C to + 10 °C after the cooling period, for a few weeks. In the wild, these freezing and heat period) conditions take place naturally. The plants need to grow and mature for about 2–3 years before they begin to flower. [13] [41]

Hybrids and cultivars

Iris graminea has the following known varieties: 'Achtaroffii', 'Adami', 'Colchica', 'Graminea Lamprophylla', 'Graminea Sylvatica', 'Graminea latifolia', 'Gravenia', 'Hort's variety', and 'Pseudocyperus'. [16] The latter of these has ranges from the Czech Republic, Romania, and Slovakia. [15] Pseudocyperus has broad leaves, but no scent. [4]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris spuria</i> Species of plant

Iris spuria, or blue flag, is a species of the genus Iris, part of the subgenus Limniris and the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Europe, Asia and Africa. It has purple or lilac flowers, and slender, elongated leaves. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions and hybridized for use in the garden. It has several subspecies; Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. demetrii B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. maritima (Dykes) P.Fourn. and Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica (Fomin) Takht. It used to have 3 other subspecies, which have now been re-classified as separate species; Iris spuria subsp. halophila, Iris spuria ssp. sogdiana and Iris spuria subsp. notha . It has many common names including 'blue iris', 'spurious iris' and 'bastard iris'.

<i>Iris japonica</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris japonica, commonly known as fringed iris, shaga and butterfly flower, is a native of China and Japan. It is a species in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and within the Lophiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with pale blue, lavender or white flowers with an orange or yellow crest. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris kerneriana is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a small rhizomatous perennial plant, with fragrant, yellow flowers from Turkey. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions and known as Kerner Iris or Kerner's Iris.

<i>Iris halophila</i> Species of plant

Iris halophila is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with yellow, white or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It comes from a wide range from eastern Europe to China in Asia. It was known for a long while as a subspecies of Iris spuria, before being treated as a separate species in its own right.

<i>Iris orientalis</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris orientalis is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Turkey and Greece, with white flowers with a yellow mark or blotch. It was also known as Iris ochroleuca for a long time. It is commonly known as yellow banded iris in the U.S. and Turkish iris in the UK but also has some other less common names. It is very hardy and has been known to naturalize in various countries. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris notha</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris notha is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial with deep blue or violet flowers from the Caucasus region. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was once Iris spuria subsp. notha, and can often be found under that name. It has the common name of fake iris or mimic iris in Russia.

<i>Iris pontica</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris pontica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae. It is a dwarf rhizomatous perennial plant from eastern Europe, the Causcasus region and Russia, with a short stem and violet-blue and white flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris sintenisii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris sintenisii is a species in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae, with tall thin stems, violet-blue flowers and long grass-like leaves. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from grass meadows parts of Europe, Russia, and Turkey. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris brandzae is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, originally from Romania with violet and white flowers. It was once thought to be a subspecies of Iris sintenisii, but now classified as a separate species. It is also called Iris Brandzy or Prodan Iris in Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris spuria <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> maritima</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris spuria subsp. maritima is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus series known as Iris subg. Limniris and in the series Iris ser. Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria, a beardless, rhizomatous perennial plant, from coastal regions Europe and north Africa with deep blue-violet flowers.

Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus known as Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria and is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkey in Asia with flowers in various shades of blue, but there are rare white forms. They have a yellow centre and darker veining. It has the common name of 'Muslim iris'. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris arenaria</i> Species of plant

Sandy iris, or sand iris, is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Central Europe, found in Hungary, Austria, Romania, Czech Republic and Ukraine. It has grass-like leaves, a short stem and pale yellow flowers. It has had a mixed origin and was once Iris humilis subsp. arenaria, a subspecies of Iris humilis, until it was reclassified as a separate species. But many sources still state that it is either a synonym or subspecies of Iris humilis. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris bloudowii is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, with sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem and 2 bright or pale yellow flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris humilis</i> Species of plant

Iris humilis is a plant species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, with a wide distribution range from Europe to Russia to China, via Mongolia and Kazakhstan. It has sword-shaped leaves, a short stem and yellow flowers with an orange beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris afghanica is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Afghanistan, with thin bluish-green leaves and creamy yellow or white flowers, that are veined with purple-brown. It has yellow-green or purple beards. Although, in the wild, it can vary in colour and size. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris ivanovae is a plant species in the genus Iris and part of the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from eastern Russia, China, and Mongolia.

Iris leptophylla is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China. It has thin, long grey-green leaves, long slender stem and 2 fragrant purple, blue-purple, violet or lavender pink flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris tigridia</i> Species of plant of the genus Iris

Iris tigridia is a plant species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and China. It has dark green or greyish green, grass-like leaves, a short slender stem and a single flowers that are either violet, dark blue, blue-purple, dark purple, mauve, lilac, lavender, or light purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris benacensis is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Italy. It has similar sized leaves and stem, and blue-purple shaded flowers, that have a white, blue and yellow beard. It was once classified as a synonym of Iris aphylla, before being re-classified as a species in its own right, although some sources still call it a synonym. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris sambucina</i> Species of plant

Iris sambucina, the elder scented iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from southern and central Europe. It has green, curved or sword-like leaves, tall round stem, multiple flowers in shades from brown violet, or brown-purple, to purple-violet, blue violet, mauve, and to purple. The large flowers are fragrant, with the scent of elderflowers, hence the name. It was first considered a separate species, then it was classified as a synonym of Iris germanica, before being classified as a separate species again, but with a hybrid origin from Iris pallida and Iris variegata. It is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

References

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Sources

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