Iris sanguinea

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Iris sanguinea
Iris sanguinea.JPG
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Limniris
Section: Iris sect. Limniris
Series: Iris ser. Sibiricae
Species:
I. sanguinea
Binomial name
Iris sanguinea
Synonyms [1]
  • Iris extremorientalisKoidz.
  • Iris haematophyllaFisch. [Illegitimate]
  • Iris nertschinskiaLodd.
  • Iris nertschinskia var. pumilaMakino
  • Iris orientalisThunb. [Illegitimate]
  • Iris polakiiStapf
  • Iris sanguinea f. albifloraMakino
  • Iris sanguinea var. coronalisY.N.Lee
  • Iris sanguinea var. sanguinea (unknown)
  • Iris sanguinea f. sericifloraY.N.Lee
  • Iris sanguinea f. tetrapetalaDoronkin
  • Iris sibirica var. orientalis(Schrank) Baker
  • Iris sibirica var. sanguinea(Donn ex Hornem.) Ker Gawl.
  • Limniris sanguinea(Donn ex Hornem.) Rodion.
  • Xiphion orientaleSchrank

Iris sanguinea is a rhizomatous flowering plant in the genus Iris and in the series Sibiricae . It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It is one of the species considered a Japanese iris. It is from Asia, found between Russia, Mongolia, China, Japan and Korea. It has grey green leaves, an unbranched flowering stem and flowers in reddish-purple shades, from blue to blue-purple, red-violet, with a rare white variant.

Contents

A 2020 taxonomic revision suggests that previously distinguished taxa of Iris sanguinea and Iris sibirica bear no phylogenetic nor morphological distinction. As such, name I. sanguinea was synonymized with I. siberica. [2]

Description

It has a thick creeping rhizome. [3]

It has grey-green leaves that are more or less the same height as the flowering stems, [4] [5] [6] but as the leaves droop, they appear shorter. [7] The linear, narrow leaves grow between 20 and 60 cm long and 5–13 mm wide. [3] [4]

It has a hollow unbranched flowering stem, that grows up to between 30 and 90 cm (12 and 35.5 in) long. [8] [9] [3] The stems bear two to three flowers, [3] [7] [10] at the terminal ends in early summer, [4] [10] [11] between May and July. [9] [3] [5]

It has three green spathes (leaves of the flower bud), that are reddish at the base, measuring 5–7 cm long and 1 cm wide. [3] [4] It then has a brown papery tip. [4]

The flowers come in a range of reddish-purple shades, [10] [12] [11] from blue to blue-purple, red-violet, with a rare white variants. [7] [13] [11] The flowers are 6–8 cm in diameter. [8] [4] [10]

It has two pairs of petals, three large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and three inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'). The large obovate (shaped like an egg), drooping 'falls' have reddish-purple veins on a white or yellowish signal. [7] [10] [13] The smaller, erect obovate standards are 4–5 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. [3] [4] [5]

It has perianth tube of 8–10 mm long, 3 cm long white filaments, yellow anthers, a cylindric ovary 1.5–2 cm long by 3–4 mm wide, and a reddish-purple style branches 3.5 cm long by 5 mm wide. [3]

In July and September (after the iris has flowered), it produces a seed capsule, which is ellipsoid or cylindric in form and measures 3.5–5 cm long by 1.2–1.5 cm wide. [3] [6] [7]

Biochemistry

In 2012, a genetic study was carried out on Iris laevigata and several of its closely related iris species, including Iris ensata , Iris setosa , Iris halophila , Iris scariosa , Iris potaninii , Iris tenuifolia , Iris bloudowii , and Iris sanguinea. [14]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [5] It has been count various times; 2n=28, Simonet, 1928; 2n=26,28 Lee, 1970; 2n=28, Starodubtsev & Mironova, 1990; 2n=28, Huang, S.-f. & Zhao, 1995. [12] 2n=28 is the most common listed count. [9] [13] This means it is similar to Iris sibirica and Iris typhifolia . [5]

Specimens from Primorskii Krai in Russia, were found to have a chromosome count of 2n=28. [15]

Taxonomy

showing the red-purple colour of the spathes of the iris - giving it its name of blood iris (Iris sanguinea) Siberian Iris Iris siberica Flower Unopened 2000px.jpg
showing the red-purple colour of the spathes of the iris – giving it its name of blood iris (Iris sanguinea)

Iris sanguinea is pronounced as EYE-ris san-GWIN-ee-a. [11]

It is written as 溪荪 in Chinese script and known as xi sun in China. [3] In Japanese it is known as ayame and written as アヤメ, 菖蒲, 文目 in Japanese script. [16] [17]

It has the common names of blood-red iris [10] [18] and blood iris. [19] [20]

It was originally published as Iris orientalis by Thunberg in Transactions of the Linnean Society Vol. 2 page 328 in 1794, but the name had already been used for an iris within the series Spuriae Iris. [12]

It was first published as Iris sanguinea, described by Jens Wilken Hornemann in Hortus Regius Botanicus Hafniensis (In Usum Tyronum et Botanophilorum. Hauniae) (Copenhagen) issue 58 in 1813. [21] But this was based on an earlier description by James Donn in 'Hortus Cantabrigensis.' Vol. 6, 17 in 1811. [12]

In 1981, in his book The Iris, Brian Mathew uses the name Iris sanguinea Donn. [12] This was then used by other authors.(See Other Sources section)

The Latin specific epithet sanguinea refers to the Latin word for blood, referring to the red-purple colour of the spathe valves of the iris. [22]

This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. [10]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 15 March 2002. [18]

In 2020, a taxonomic revision of Iris ser. Sibiricae showed no phylogenetic separation between Iris sibirica , Iris sanguinea, and Iris typhifolia . Moreover, no morphological character was found to define clear boundaries between taxa. As such, I. sanguinea and I. typhifolia were synonymized with I. sibirica. [2]

Distribution and habitat

Iris sanguinea is native to the temperate regions of eastern Asia. [18]

Range

It is found between Russia (East of Lake Baikal in Siberia, [9] [13] Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Amur, Khabarovsk, Magadan and Primorye), [18] Mongolia, China (provinces of Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning and Nei Monggol), [3] [18] Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu and Shikoku) and Korea. [13] [18] [19]

Habitat

It grows in damp meadows, [9] [3] [7] along the edges of rivers and lakes, [9] [3] [5] on the edges of forests, [9] beside streams and on hillsides, [3] at altitudes of around 500 metres above sea level. [3]

Cultivation

Iris sanguinea is thought to be easy to grow. [23] [19] It is sometimes described as "prolific", meaning it can be invasive when the conditions are optimal. [19]

It will tolerate temperatures of −3.8 °C (25.2 °F) down to −34.4 °C (−29.9 °F). [11] It is hardy to USDA Zone 4–9, [11] and Zone H2 (which means hardy to −15 to −20 °C (5 to −4 °F) [24] ), in Europe. [4] It is hardy in the UK, [23] [10] but will not survive wet winters in cooler parts of the world. [5]

The iris should be grown in well-drained, [23] [10] neutral to slightly acidic soils (the pH level should be more than 5.6) with plenty of organic matter, [11] [19] or loam. [10]

It prefers positions in full sun, [23] [11] but can tolerate partial shade (with some hours of sunlight). [10]

The plant needs moisture during the growing season (in spring and early summer) to create the best blooms. [23] [11] But it does not grow in the water, although it will tolerate occasional flooding. [19]

Propagation

They are best propagated by division. [11] The divisions must be not be allowed to dry out and can be temporarily stored in bucket of water, while the new planting position is prepared. [11] The best time to divide plants is between August and September. [23] [10] [20]

To grow from seed, allow the mature pods to dry on the plant. Then break open to collect seeds and the direct sow outdoors in fall or autumn. [10] [11] [19] [20] The seed should germinate within three months, if they have been pre-chilled for four weeks or placed outdoors over winter. Once germinated they should be brought indoors (or place in a cold frame [20] ) to avoid temperature shock and then transplant outside, when the plant has four leaves. The climatic conditions of the garden, controls planting (or transplanting) times. In the north, they are best planted in the spring (avoiding frost damage to tender roots). [20] In the south, they are best planted in the autumn (or fall), which avoids the hot dry period. [19] [20]

They can be used in gardens, at waterside locations beside pools, ponds or streams. [23]

It is naturally propagated by pollinating insects such as bees which will feed on its nectar. [19]

Hybrids and cultivars

Iris sanguinea has been hybridized with Iris sibirica, to extend the blue colour range. [8] [4]

Iris sanguinea crosses:

A known variant in Japan is Iris sanguniea var. violacea. (Makino), [9] [25] which has deep violet flowers with larger than normal standards. [4]

It also has the following known cultivars; 'Annick'; 'Baby Sister'; 'Blue King'; 'Coreana'; 'Dreams'; 'Emperor'; 'Fairy Fingers'; 'Flossie Bobbsy'; 'Grace Ashley'; 'Haematophylla'; 'Kamayama'; [26] 'Kobana'; 'La Blanchefleur'; 'Nana'; 'Nana Alba' (white flowers usually with some purple veins); [4] 'Nertchinskia'; 'Orientalis Alba'.; Orientalis Alba Stellata'; 'Sanguinea 1615'; 'Sanguinea 1616'; 'Snowcrest'; 'Snow Queen'; [23] 'Sorak Blue'; 'Tetrapetala'; 'Trigonocarpa'; 'Yankee Trader'; 'Yixingensis'; [12]

Toxicity

As in many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous or toxic (rhizome and leaves); if mistakenly ingested, it can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [11] [19]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris sibirica</i> Species of plant

Iris sibirica, is a species in the genus Iris. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Europe and Central Asia. It has long green grass-like leaves, tall stem, 2–5 violet-blue, to blue, and occasionally white flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris graminea</i> Species of plant

Iris graminea is a species of flowering plant belonging to the subgenus Limniris of the genus Iris, in particular the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial, with purple or violet blue flowers almost hidden by narrow, grass-like leaves, and a plum scented fragrance. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It has several common names, including grass-leaved flag, grass leaved iris, plum iris and plum tart iris. This species naturally occurs in the southern half of Europe, from Spain and France in the West to Russia and the Caucasus in the East.

<i>Iris delavayi</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris delavayi is a species of flowering plant in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Sibiricae of the family Iridaceae. This rhizomatous herbaceous perennial comes from various provinces in China. It has grey-green leaves, long hollow stem, and 2 flowers in various blue shades. From dark violet, dark purple, purple-blue, dark blue to light purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris subg. Nepalensis is one subgenus of Iris, also known as 'Himalayan irises'. It was formerly genus Junopsis.

<i>Iris <span style="font-style:normal;">ser.</span> Sibiricae</i> Group of flowering plants

Iris ser. Sibiricae is a series of flowering plants in the genus Iris, subgenus Limniris.

<i>Iris lactea</i> Species of plant

Iris lactea is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris. and the series Ensatae, it is the only species in the series. The Japanese water iris, Iris ensata, is actually in series Laevigatae. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from central Asia, with pale blue or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris setosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris setosa, the bristle-pointed iris, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Iris of the family Iridaceae, it belongs the subgenus Limniris and the series Tripetalae. It is a rhizomatous perennial from a wide range across the Arctic sea, including Alaska, Maine, Canada, Russia, northeastern Asia, China, Korea and southwards to Japan. The plant has tall branching stems, mid green leaves and violet, purple-blue, violet-blue, blue, to lavender flowers. There are also plants with pink and white flowers.

<i>Iris tridentata</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris tridentata is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tripetalae. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Southeastern United States. It has a cord-like rhizome, bright green leaves, long stem and fragrant flowers in spring in shades of blue.

<i>Iris typhifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris typhifolia is a species in the genus Iris, also the subgenus Limniris and in the series Sibiricae. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from China. It has slender, twisted leaves, deep green slender hollow stem and 2 violet-blue flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris rossii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris rossii, the long-tail iris, is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Chinenses of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial from Japan, Korea and China. It has narrow, grass-like leaves, short stems and 1 or 2 purple-violet flowers.

<i>Iris tenuifolia</i> Species of plant

Iris tenuifolia is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from a wide region over central Asia, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, ; Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Mongolia and in China. It has long greyish-green leaves, short stem and pale violet, lilac, pale blue, or purple flowers.

<i>Iris spuria <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> maritima</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris spuria subsp. maritima is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus series known as Iris subg. Limniris and in the series Iris ser. Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria, a beardless, rhizomatous perennial plant, from coastal regions Europe and north Africa with deep blue-violet flowers.

Iris bloudowii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, with sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem and 2 bright or pale yellow flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris scariosa</i> Species of plant

Iris scariosa is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountainsides of Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. It has sword-like, or sickle shaped, blue green or grey-green leaves, a short flowering stem, 3 or 4 membranous or semi-transparent flower bud leaves, 2 violet, reddish violet, lilac, blue-purple, or blue flowers in late spring, with yellow or white beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was merged with another similar iris in the region, and Iris glaucescens became a synonym of Iris scariosa, before being divided into two separate species again. Although some sources still call it the main species, despite a slight colour difference.

Iris griffithii is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Afghanistan. It has short, sickle-shaped leaves, short green stem and purple flowers with white beards. Several specimens exist within herbaria around Europe, but it is rarely cultivated.

<i>Iris subbiflora</i> Species of plant

Iris subbiflora is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Portugal and Spain in Europe. It has evergreen broad leaves, forming dense clumps, it has dwarf stems in late spring,, with 1 upright fragrant flower, in shades of purple, light red purple, grey-blue, blue-violet, or dark violet. It has a beard which is generally blue, purple, or violet, but can fade to white, dull yellow, or dark yellow. After being found in 1804, it was once a separate species until the late 70s, when it was reclassified as subspecies of Iris lutescens, and renamed Iris lutescens subsp. subbiflora. But in the 80s it was returned to an independent species but some authors and references still class the species as a synonym or subspecies. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris timofejewii is a species of flowering plant in the genus Iris, and also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountain slopes of the Caucasus and Dagestan. It has narrow, evergreen, falcate (sickle-shaped), grey-green (glaucous) leaves, and a short flowering stem just taller than the leaves. Each stem has 1–2 flowers in shades of violet, with white beards that have purple tips. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris barnumiae is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. It has pale glaucous green and narrow leaves, that are slightly sickle-shaped and fade soon after blooming. It has, in mid- to late spring, fragrant flowers in shades of purple, from red-purple, mulberry to purplish-violet, with a yellow tipped with purple beard. It was renamed as I. barnumiae in after a plant naming conference in 2011, but is still sometimes named as I. barnumae in some sources. It has one accepted subspecies Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica and two forms; Iris barnumiae f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo and Iris barnumiae f. urmiensis (Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo, which has yellow flowers. Sometimes I. barnumiae f. barnumiae is used to describe the basic form. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its needing very dry and warm summer conditions.

<i>Iris bismarckiana</i> Species of plant

Iris bismarckiana, the Nazareth iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountainsides of Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. It has stoloniferous, spreading rhizomes, long, sword shaped, bright green leaves, long slender stem and 1 flower in Spring. The large flower is pale yellow, creamy-white, or white background. Which is covered with reddish-brown, maroon brown, purple-brown, purple, blue-purple, or blue veins, markings or spots. It has a dark signal patch and dark purple to black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

Iris yebrudii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is from the hillsides of Syria. It has curved leaves, often hiding a single stem and the spring flower is pale yellow, covered in fine spots, veining and has a dark purple signal patch and purple beard.

References

  1. ↑ "Iris sanguinea Donn ex Hornem. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  2. 1 2 Boltenkov, Eugeny; Artyukova, Elena; Kozyrenko, Marina; Erst, Andrey; Trias-Blasi, Anna (2020-10-01). "Iris sanguinea is conspecific with I. sibirica (Iridaceae) according to morphology and plastid DNA sequence data". PeerJ. 8: e10088. doi:10.7717/peerj.10088. ISSN   2167-8359. PMC   7533061 . PMID   33062454.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "FOC Vol. 24 Page 301". Flora of China. efloras.org. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification , p. 252, at Google Books
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN   978-0881927306. OL   8176432M.
  6. 1 2 Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 132. ISBN   0-88192-089-4.
  8. 1 2 3 Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises . Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p.  45. ISBN   0715305395.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kramb, D. (8 November 2003). "Iris sanguinea". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Iris sanguinea". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "PlantFiles: Japanese Iris, Siberian Iris". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Laurin, Terry. "(SPEC) Iris sanguinea Hornem ex Donn. Date=19 September 2014". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  14. ↑ Sun, Ming-Zhou; Li, Ming-Rui; Shi, Feng-Xue; Li, Lin; Liu, Ying; Li, Lin-Feng; Xiao, Hong-Xing (July 2012). "Genomic and EST-derived microsatellite markers for Iris laevigata (Iridaceae) and other congeneric species". American Journal of Botany. 99 (7): 286–288. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100608. PMID   22739712 . Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  15. ↑ Karol Marhold, ed. (December 2012). "IAPT/IOPB chromosome data 14" (PDF). iopb.org. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  16. ↑ "Iris (ayame)". worldkigodatabase.blogspot.co.uk. 19 September 2005. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  17. ↑ "Ayame (Iris sanguinea) flowers in Tokei-ji". thegardenofzen.com. 10 June 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Iris sanguinea". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 McDonald, Jennifer (16 May 2012). "A non-bloody blood iris". botanicalmusings.blogspot.co.uk. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Iris sanguinea". pfaf.org. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  21. ↑ "Iridaceae Iris sanguinea Hornem. Hornemann, Jens Wilken (1770–1841)". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  22. ↑ Dykes, William. "Dykes on Iris" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "iris sanguinea". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  24. ↑ "Plant Hardiness". theseedsite.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  25. ↑ "Iris sanguinea var. violacea Makino is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  26. ↑ "Iris". shieldsgardens.com. 5 June 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2015.

Sources

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