Iris subbiflora

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Iris subbiflora
Iris subbiflora.jpg
Iris subbiflora growing in the Botanical Garden of Dresden
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Iris
Species:
I. subbiflora
Binomial name
Iris subbiflora
Synonyms [1]
  • Iris bifloraL.
  • Iris fragransSalisb. (superfluous)
  • Iris lisbonensisDykes
  • Iris longifloraVest.
  • Iris nudicaulisHooker fil.

Iris subbiflora is a plant species in the genus Iris , it is also in the subgenus Iris . It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Portugal and Spain in Europe. It has evergreen broad leaves, forming dense clumps, it has dwarf stems in late spring, (between April and May), with 1 upright fragrant flower, in shades of purple, light red purple, grey-blue, blue-violet, or dark violet. It has a beard which is generally blue, purple, or violet, but can fade to white, dull yellow, or dark yellow. After being found in 1804, it was once a separate species until the late 70s, when it was reclassified as subspecies of Iris lutescens , and renamed Iris lutescens subsp. subbiflora. But in the 80s it was returned to an independent species but some authors and references still class the species as a synonym or subspecies. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Contents

Description

It is similar in form as Iris germanica , but with smaller growth. [2]

It has a small rhizome, [1] which is thick and has several branches. The rhizome is smaller than other bearded irises, apart from Iris pumila . When the rhizome is cut, (for propagation purposes) it produces a nice aroma. [3]

It has semi-deciduous, [3] or evergreen, [4] [5] [6] : 17  broad leaves, [1] [2] that can grow up to between 16–30 cm (6–12 in) long, [1] [3] [7] and between 0.5 and 2.5 cm wide. [1] [7] [8] The ensiform (sword-shaped) leaves, [1] form dense clumps, [8] [9] which are often taller than the stem. [1]

It has a simple, [1] dwarf stem or peduncle, [3] [4] that can grow up to between 20–50 cm (8–20 in) tall. [10] [11] [12] It sometimes produces 2 stems [3] and the lowest portion of the stem is covered by 2 short stem leaves. [1]

It has 1 acuminate (pointed), spathe (leaf of the flower bud), which is green but often stained purple, with a (scarious) membranous top portion. [1] [13] It can be up to 7.6 cm (3 in) long and is similar in form to Iris griffithii . [13]

It has a perianth tube, that is 3.5–5 cm (1–2 in) long, [13] green and marked purple. [1]

The stems hold 1 terminal (top of stem) flower, blooming in mid- to late spring, [9] [12] or summer, [14] between April, [3] [8] and May, [2] [15] [16] or June. [10] It can sometimes also produce another flower in the fall (autumn). [13] [17]

The fragrant flower, [2] [3] [7] is 7–8 cm (3–3 in) in diameter, [3] [8] [14] it comes in various shades, [13] of purple, [12] [15] [16] light red purple, [6] : 17  [11] grey-blue, blue-violet, or dark violet. [18] [19] [20] It is thought to be one of the darkest flowered species known. [7] [13]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [6] : 17  The falls are obovate (with a narrower end at the base), with a narrow haft (portion of the petal near the stem), [1] they are 7.5 cm (3 in) long and 3.5 cm (1 in) wide. [1] [14] They are wider than the standards. [6] : 17  They can sometimes have brown purple veining on the haft. [1] [5] [7] In the middle of the falls, is a row of short hairs called the 'beard', which is generally blue, [5] [17] purple, [8] or violet, [14] but can fade to white, [8] [18] [19] or dull yellow, [1] [5] [7] or dark yellow on the haft. [3] [6] : 17  The standards are also obovate, but often retuse (rounded), they are also paler than the falls, but have red-brown veining on the hafts. [1]

It has 1.4 cm (1 in) long, style branches that are colourless with a violet keel, they also have a semi-ovate crests. [1] It also has blue filaments, which are 1.3–1.8 cm (1–1 in) long and bluish or white anthers, that are 1.4–1.8 cm (1–1 in) long. [1] It has a 3.5–5 cm (1–2 in) long perianth tube. [14]

After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule, in mid June, [3] inside the capsule are brown, wrinkled, pyriform (pear shaped) to oval shaped seeds, [1] which are later dispersed by animals or the wind. [3]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [6] : 18  It was counted in 1955 as Iris lutescens subsp. subbiflora (Brot.) D. A. Webb & Chater in Flora Iberica (Chromosome atlas of flowering plants). Darlintong, C. D. & A. P. Wylie.(1955) and Iris lutescens subsp. subbiflora (Brot.) D. A. Webb & Chater in Flora Iberica (Contribucin al estudio cariologico de la familia Iridaceae en Andalucia Occidental.) Prez, E. & J. Pastor and Lagascalia Vol.17 (Issue 2) on pages 257–272 in 1994. [11] [21] It has been counted as 2n=40. [1] [3] [17]

Taxonomy

Seen in Sierra Blanquilla, Malaga in Spain Lirio morao (Iris subbiflora) (3813647175).jpg
Seen in Sierra Blanquilla, Málaga in Spain

It is commonly known as 'Portugal iris', [11] or 'purple iris'. [15]

It is known in Portugal as 'Lírio-roxo-dos-montes', [22] or 'lírio-roxo', [23] [24] meaning purple lily. [25]

The Latin specific epithet subbiflora refers to 'subbiflorus' mostly two-flowered. [26] This is because the plant occasionally, produces two flowers instead of the usual single flower. [13] Although Subbifera would have been a seems to be a more appropriate specific name, as it sometimes produces flowering stems as different seasons (such as in spring and autumn). [2] [7]

Carolus Clusius originally named the plant Iris biflora, not Iris bisflorens because he found it in flower in November near Coimbra (in Portugal). [13]

It was first published and described by Félix Avelar Brotero in Flora Lusitanica (Fl. Lusit.) Vol.1 on page 50, table 96 in 1804. [27] [28] Fl. lusit. 1:50, t. 96. 1804 [29]

It was also published with an illustration in the Botanical magazine 1130 of 1808. [14] In 1812, Richard Anthony Salisbury published the iris as Iris fragrans Salisb. in Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London Vol.1 page 303. But this name is illegal by most authors due to plagiarism accusations about Salisbury. [27] In 1840, it was thought to be an Italian variety of Iris germanica, although it if very different in form to the 'Lisbon Iris'. [30] It was also published as Iris subbiflora in The Gardeners' Chronicle in 1854, [7] then published on 14 July 1894, and in Vol.47 on page 146 on 5 March 1910. [11]

It is closely related to Iris lutescens. [31]

In 1978, D.A.Webb & Chater reclassified the iris as a subspecies of Iris lutescens, and published it in the Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. (Bot. J. Linn. Soc.) Vol.76, Issue 4, on page 316, [32] as Iris lutescens Lamark subsp subbiflora (Brotero) Webb and Chater, [14] and then in Vol.5 of Flora Europaea. [1]

In 1988, a study of Iris lutescens Lam. subsp. lutescens from Italy and France with Iris lutescens subsp. subbiflora (Brot.) DA Webb & Chater from Portugal. It concluded it thought that Iris subbiflora Brot was an independent species, [24] which has been agreed by other authors. [1]

Although, it is still listed as Iris lutescens subsp. subbiflora in the Encyclopedia of Life, [33] and in the Catalogue of Life with Iris subbiflora Brot. as a synonym. [34]

It was last listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2014, as Iris lutescens subsp. subbiflora. [35]

It is verified as Iris subbiflora by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, and then altered on 3 December 2004 [29]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to southwest Europe, [9] and north Africa. [29]

Range

It is found in the Iberian Peninsula, [3] within Portugal, [2] [16] [20] (in the Lisbon District and northern Leiria District, including Serras de Aire e Candeeiros Natural Park [36] ) and Spain, [4] [12] [17] (in western Andalusia, [1] [10] [31] near Antequera [8] ) It is also found in North Africa, [13] within Morocco and Tunisia. [29]

Habitat

It grows on limestone, [8] or chalky, [7] rocky hills, [3] and in scrub land. [8]

Conservation

It is considered a rare plant, [5] [10] but is unassessed for IUCN Red List. [37]

Cultivation

It is hardy, [5] [7] to European Zone H2, [14] meaning it is hardy from −15, [8] [12] to −20 °C (5 to −4 °F). [38] It is also hardy to USDA Zone 6, [31] and needs a dry spring. [4]

It was thought that the species would not like the damp climates of Britain, [6] : 17  and needs hot summers, to help create flowers, [13] but Brian Mathew found it quite hardy. [1] It therefore must vary in hardiness, [1] less hardy forms could be grown in a cold frame. [20]

It prefers to grow in well drained, sandy, [8] or rocky, [12] [13] and limy soils. [9]

It also prefers positions in full sun. [9] [12] [13] It needs a hot baking summer sun on the rhizomes to help form flowers. [1] [13]

It can be grown in rock gardens. [4]

It was introduced to Britain in 1596, [7] and cultivated by Mr John Gerard. [16] Sir Thomas Gage, had a specimen of the species stored within his herbarium. [7]

It is at risk from slugs and snails, from damage to the leaves and young shoots. [3]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division, [39] or by seed growing.

Hybrids and cultivars

It has been used in hybridization programmes, [17] to add more heat hardiness to dwarf and medium-sized bearded irises. [4] There are numerous variants of the iris species. [3]

One variant known as Iris subbiflora var. lisbonensis (Dykes), later classified as a synonym, [1] [11] it has green spathes (without purple markings), [19] and a longer perianth tube. [1]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [40]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Iris aphylla</i> Species of plant

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<i>Iris aphylla <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> hungarica</i> Subspecies of plant

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<i>Iris attica</i> Species of plant

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<i>Iris scariosa</i> Species of plant

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<i>Iris marsica</i> Species of plant

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<i>Iris suaveolens</i> Species of plant

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<i>Iris acutiloba <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> lineolata</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

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<i>Iris acutiloba</i> Species of plant

Iris acutiloba is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of the Caucasus and found in Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Dagestan in the North Caucasus, and Iran. It is a dwarf species, with narrow, falcate or curved leaves, it has one flower in spring or early summer, that comes in shades from cream, creamy white, whitish, pale brown, light grey, to pale violet. It is heavily veined or streaked and pointed, with 2 dark spots and brown, purple, dark purple, or black short beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There are two subspecies, Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata and Iris acutiloba subsp. longitepala.

Iris barnumiae is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. It has pale glaucous green and narrow leaves, that are slightly sickle-shaped and fade soon after blooming. It has, in mid- to late spring, fragrant flowers in shades of purple, from red-purple, mulberry to purplish-violet, with a yellow tipped with purple beard. It was renamed as I. barnumiae in after a plant naming conference in 2011, but is still sometimes named as I. barnumae in some sources. It has one accepted subspecies Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica and two forms; Iris barnumiae f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo and Iris barnumiae f. urmiensis (Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo, which has yellow flowers. Sometimes I. barnumiae f. barnumiae is used to describe the basic form. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its needing very dry and warm summer conditions.

Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Elburz Mountains in Iran. It was originally thought to be a separate species before going through various changes before being classed as a subspecies of Iris barnumiae. It has erect, grey-green (grass-like) leaves and two large flowers, which come in shades from claret-red, burgundy, violet-blue, to dark purple, with a white or cream beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to the environmental conditions it prefers.

<i>Iris iberica</i> Species of plant

Iris iberica is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains of Armenia, eastern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan. It has narrow, glaucous, gray-green and sickle shaped leaves, short stem holding a single flower in late spring. Which has a pale background covered with heavy veining in pale mauve, violet, dark purple, maroon or purple-brown. It has a black or dark purple signal patch and a brown or purple-brown beard. Although, it has many hybrid forms dues to its variability and has 2 known subspecies of Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima and Iris iberica subsp. lycotis. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it is hardier than other Oncocyclus species.

<i>Iris iberica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> elegantissima</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima is a subspecies in the genus Iris, subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a subspecies of Iris iberica and is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Turkey and Iran. It has large, thin and falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, slender stem with a single flower between April and May. It has a white, cream or pale yellow ground, which is covered in dark veining or speckling in violet, mauve, purple or brown shades. The larger standards are paler, normally white and less veined. The falls, have darker veining and a dark signal patch and brown or purple beard. It is commonly known as Iris elegantissima, especially in Europe and Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, but normally needs some protection during the winter period.

<i>Iris paradoxa</i> Species of plant

Iris paradoxa is a species of flowering plant native to western Asia. It has large upright petals and smaller lower petals, which is unique amongst most iris forms. They come in various shades from white, lavender, mauve, medium purple, violet, dark purple to black. It has a black or purplish black beard on the lower petals. It comes from the region of Transcaucasia, and is found in the countries of Iran,, Turkey, Armenia and in Azerbaijan.

References

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  26. ↑ D. Gledhill The Names of Plants , p. 365, at Google Books
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  28. ↑ "Iris subbiflora Brot. is a synonym of Iris lutescens subsp. subbiflora (Brot.) D.A.Webb & Chater". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  29. 1 2 3 4 "Iris subbiflora". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  30. ↑ John Lindley (Editor) Edwards's botanical register, or ornamental flower garden and shrubbery: consisting of coloured figures of plants and shrubs, cultivated in British Gardens. Volume 26. (1840) , p. 34, at Google Books
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  32. ↑ "Iridaceae Iris lutescens Lam. subsp. subbiflora (Brot.) D.A.Webb & Chater". ipni.org. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  33. ↑ "Iris lutescens subsp. subbiflora". eol.org. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  34. ↑ "Iris lutescens subsp. subbiflora". catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  35. ↑ "Iris lutescens subsp. subbiflora". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  36. ↑ "Iris subbiflora Brot". Flora-on. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  37. ↑ "Search Results". iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  38. ↑ "Plant Hardiness". theseedsite.co. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  39. ↑ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  40. ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants , p. 236, at Google Books

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