James Densley

Last updated

James Densley
Born(1982-04-13)April 13, 1982
Leicester, England
Education University of Oxford
University of Northampton
Pace University
Alma mater St. Antony's College, Oxford
OccupationProfessor
Employer Metropolitan State University
Known forGang Research
Criminology
Sociology
Awards2022 Minnesota Book Awards
2017 Points of Light
Website http://www.jamesdensley.com

James Densley (born April 13, 1982) is a British-American sociologist and Professor of Criminal Justice at Metropolitan State University. He is best known as co-founder of The Violence Project [1] and as co-author of the bestselling book, The Violence Project: How To Stop a Mass Shooting Epidemic. [2] Densley has also published extensively on street gang issues and has been described as "among the most accomplished rising leaders of modern gang research in criminology." [3] He was one of the top 250 most cited criminologists in the world in 2019. [4]

Contents

Densley is known for his ethnography of gang life in London, England, [5] and his applications of economic signalling theory to gang membership. [6] [7] [8] Densley's research examines group processes in gangs and compares gangs with other violent collectives such as hate groups and terror groups. [9] [10] He once compared the Islamic State to a “street gang on steroids”. [11] Densley writes about the “glocalisation” of gang culture, [12] cyber violence, [13] and the role of rap music and social media in gang violence. [14] [15] [16]

Early life and education

James Densley was born in Leicester, England, the son of a Leicestershire special constable. [17] In 2003, he received his B.A. in sociology with American studies from the University of Northampton. [18] He earned an M.S. in sociology from the University of Oxford in 2004, and then moved to New York City where he enrolled in the NYC Teaching Fellows and taught 7th and 8th grade special education at University Neighborhood Middle School in Manhattan's Lower East Side. [19] In New York, he earned his teacher's license and a master's degree in education from Pace University. In 2007, Densley moved back to England to complete a D.Phil. in sociology from Oxford University's Extra-Legal Governance Institute. [20] Densley studied under mafia scholars Diego Gambetta and Federico Varese, and his work seems to reflect his time with them from his methods, to his theory, and focus on social organizations. [21]

Career

After Densley graduated in 2011 he was hired by Metropolitan State University in Minnesota. He was promoted to full professor in 2019, aged just 37. [22]

The 2011 England riots occurred just weeks after Densley had finished his PhD, a study of gangs in London. After the UK Prime Minister David Cameron blamed the riots on gangs, [23] Densley was one of the first academics to question this logic. [24] [25] Densley's first book, How Gangs Work, grew out of his PhD research and reflects upon the “war on gangs” launched after the 2011 riots. [5] The British Journal of Criminology mentions the book's “critical ethnography and first-class fieldwork”, concluding that “Densley’s work points the way to how gang research should be done in the future.” [26]

In the book and in later research, Densley used signaling theory to make sense of how and why youth join gangs. [27] [28] He found that prospective gang members signal their potential value to the gang by engaging in violent and criminal acts that are beyond the capacity of most people. [6] Densley also used signaling theory to advance a model of disengagement from gangs that allows ex-gang members to communicate their unobservable inner change to others and satisfy community expectations that desistance from crime is real. [7] For Densley, religious conversion in prison was one example of a disengagement signal. [29]

Research

Densley's work explores the rationality of gang behavior. [30] He developed an influential model of gang evolution that explains the relationship between gangs and organized crime. [31] He found that recreation, crime, enterprise, and governance were not static gang activities or distinct gang types, but instead sequential "actualization stages" in the lifecycle of gangs. Densley's evolutionary model was later validated by studies of gangs in London, England, and Glasgow, Scotland. [32] [33]

Densley also studies illicit drug dealing. [34] In 2012, he warned about the county lines model of drug distribution in which drug‐selling gangs from the major urban areas, like London, send vulnerable youth to exploit markets in other towns and areas: “Most youngers are employed by their elders to work what was known colloquially as the ‘drugs line,’ although some are sent out ‘on assignment’ to explore ‘new markets’ in areas where they are unknown to police; notably commuter cities with vibrant nighttime economies”. [35] His later work looked at debt bondage and child exploitation in county lines drug dealing, [36] [37] and how expressive uses of social media by gang members, such as posting rap videos to YouTube, helped advance gang members’ material interests in county lines. [14]

The Violence Project

In 2017, Densley launched The Violence Project with psychologist Jillian Peterson of Hamline University. [38] In their first project, Densley and Peterson partnered with the Minnetonka Police Department to develop a new mental illness crisis intervention training for law enforcement, known as The R-Model. [39] [40] [41]

With funding from the National Institute of Justice, Densley and Peterson next built a database of all public mass shooters since 1966 coded according to 150 life history variables. [42] Their research on mass shooters included in-depth analysis of K-12 school shootings [43] and how the Columbine High School massacre became a blueprint for future massacres. [44] Densley and Peterson are critical of active shooter drills in schools for traumatizing young children and normalizing school violence. [45] [46]

In a 2019 op-ed for the Los Angeles Times that went viral, [47] The Violence Project presented a new, hopeful, framework to understand mass shootings. Based on interviews with mass shooters and people who knew them, Peterson and Densley found mass shooters had four things in common: (1) early childhood trauma; (2) an identifiable crisis point with suicidal ideation; (3) validation for their grievance, having studied past shootings to find social proof of concept; and (4) the means to carry out an attack. This conceptual framework highlights the complexity of the pathway to a mass shooting, including how each one can be “socially contagious”, [48] but also creates a plan to prevent the next shooting.

Each one of the four themes can be addressed at the individual, institutional, and societal levels. For example, by regulating access to firearms (opportunity), slowing contagion (social proof), training in crisis intervention and suicide prevention (crisis), and strengthening the social safety net (trauma), a mass shooting can be averted. Densley and Peterson elaborate on this framework in their book, The Violence Project: How To Stop a Mass Shooting Epidemic, [2] which "identifies 34 potential solutions" to the "uniquely American problem" of mass shootings. [49] Their research shows mass shooters tend to communicate or "leak" intent to do harm, often as a cry for help, which means mass shootings are preventable if people learn how to respond to the warning signs. [50]

Growing Against Violence

Densley is a co-founder of Growing Against Violence, a London-based charity that since 2008 has delivered violence prevention programming to nearly 200,000 children and young people in hundreds of schools. [51] Densley wrote and piloted the original curriculum and later conducted an evaluation of the program. [52] In 2017, Densley was awarded the Prime Minister's Points of Light award for his “outstanding” volunteerism. [53]

Selected publications

Densley is a TEDx speaker [54] and has written for CNN, [55] [56] Education Week, [57] The Guardian, [58] Los Angeles Times, [59] New York Times, [60] Scientific American, [61] StarTribune, [62] Time magazine, [63] USA Today, [64] The Wall Street Journal, [65] The Washington Post, [66] and other media on a range of public issues, including gangs and gang responses, gun violence, knife crime, drug sales, school shootings, policing, and violent extremism. His work has featured on Last Week Tonight with John Oliver and he has appeared on Andrea Mitchell Reports, BBC News, CBS This Morning, CNN Newsroom, Deadline: White House, Don Lemon Tonight, Dr. Phil, Face the Nation, Inside Edition, Morning Joe, The New Yorker Radio Hour, NBC Nightly News, NPR, PBS NewsHour, and other major news shows.

Awards

The character of Jamie Patterson in the spy novel, Jihadi Apprentice by David Bruns and J.R. Olson is based on James Densley. [69]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Organized crime</span> Groupings of highly centralized criminal enterprises

Organized crime or organised crime is a category of transnational, national, or local groupings of centralized enterprises run to engage in illegal activity, most commonly for profit. While organized crime is generally thought of as a form of illegal business, some criminal organizations, such as terrorist groups, rebel forces, and separatists, are politically motivated. Many criminal organizations rely on fear or terror to achieve their goals or aims as well as to maintain control within the organization and may adopt tactics commonly used by authoritarian regimes to maintain power. Some forms of organized crime simply exist to cater towards demand of illegal goods in a state or to facilitate trade of goods and services that may have been banned by a state. Sometimes, criminal organizations force people to do business with them, such as when a gang extorts protection money from shopkeepers. Street gangs may often be deemed organized crime groups or, under stricter definitions of organized crime, may become disciplined enough to be considered organized. A criminal organization can also be referred to as an outfit, a gang, crime family, mafia, mob, (crime) ring, or syndicate; the network, subculture, and community of criminals involved in organized crime may be referred to as the underworld or gangland. Sociologists sometimes specifically distinguish a "mafia" as a type of organized crime group that specializes in the supply of extra-legal protection and quasi-law enforcement. Academic studies of the original "Mafia", the Italian Mafia, which predates the other groups, generated an economic study of organized crime groups and exerted great influence on studies of the Russian mafia, the Chinese triads, the Hong Kong triads, and the Japanese yakuza.

A gang is a group or society of associates, friends or members of a family with a defined leadership and internal organization that identifies with or claims control over territory in a community and engages, either individually or collectively, in illegal, and possibly violent, behavior.

Criminal psychology, also referred to as criminological psychology, is the study of the views, thoughts, intentions, actions and reactions of criminals and suspects. It is a subfield of criminology and applied psychology.

In the United States, the relationship between race and crime has been a topic of public controversy and scholarly debate for more than a century. Crime rates vary significantly between racial groups, however, academic research indicates that the over-representation of some racial minorities in the criminal justice system can in part be explained by socioeconomic factors, such as poverty, exposure to poor neighborhoods, poor access to public and early education, and exposure to harmful chemicals and pollution. Racial housing segregation has also been linked to racial disparities in crime rates, as blacks have historically and to the present been prevented from moving into prosperous low-crime areas through actions of the government and private actors. Various explanations within criminology have been proposed for racial disparities in crime rates, including conflict theory, strain theory, general strain theory, social disorganization theory, macrostructural opportunity theory, social control theory, and subcultural theory.

Gang-related organised crime in the United Kingdom is concentrated around the cities of London, Manchester and Liverpool and regionally across the West Midlands region, south coast and northern England, according to the Serious Organised Crime Agency. With regard to street gangs the cities identified as having the most serious gang problems, which also accounted for 65% of firearm homicides in England and Wales, were London, Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool. Glasgow in Scotland also has a historical gang culture with the city having as many teenage gangs as London, which had six times the population, in 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gun violence in the United States</span> Phenomenon of gun violence in the United States

Gun violence is a term of political, economic and sociological interest referring to the tens of thousands of annual firearms-related deaths and injuries occurring in the United States. In 2022, up to 100 daily fatalities and hundreds of daily injuries were attributable to American gun violence. In 2018, the most recent year for which data are available, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics reported 38,390 deaths by firearm, of which 24,432 were suicides. The national rate of firearm deaths rose from 10.3 people for every 100,000 in 1999 to 11.9 people per 100,000 in 2018, equating to over 109 daily deaths. In 2010, there were 19,392 firearm-related suicides, and 11,078 firearm-related homicides in the U.S. In 2010, 358 murders were reported involving a rifle while 6,009 were reported involving a handgun; another 1,939 were reported with an unspecified type of firearm. In 2011, a total of 478,400 fatal and nonfatal violent crimes were committed with a firearm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Race in the United States criminal justice system</span>

Race in the United States criminal justice system refers to the unique experiences and disparities in the United States in regard to the policing and prosecuting of various races. There have been different outcomes for different racial groups in convicting and sentencing felons in the United States criminal justice system. Although prior arrests and criminal history is also a factor. Experts and analysts have debated the relative importance of different factors that have led to these disparities.

Black Cobra is one of the largest immigrant street gangs in Denmark and is represented in most major Danish cities, with approximately 100 members. The gang is also active in Sweden, having established itself in the Malmö district Rosengård and the Stockholm suburbs of Tensta, Rissne and Rinkeby. The Black Cobra gang also control a youth gang called the Black Scorpions. Their criminal activity involves drug trafficking, robbery, theft, racketeering, extortion and murder. The police describe Black Cobra as a loose network composed of strong leadership figures. Black Cobra members wear black and white shirts with an emblem on the back of a cobra in attack position. The shirts also have Black Cobra written on them, above the emblem in Old English-style writing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Correlates of crime</span> Things associated with unlawful behavior

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mass shooting</span> Incident involving multiple victims of firearm violence

A mass shooting is a violent crime in which one or more attackers kill or injure multiple individuals simultaneously using a firearm. There is no widely accepted definition of "mass shooting" and different organizations tracking such incidents use different definitions. Definitions of mass shootings exclude warfare and sometimes exclude instances of gang violence, armed robberies, familicides and terrorism. The perpetrator of an ongoing mass shooting may be referred to as an active shooter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Criminology</span> Study of crime and criminal actions/behavior

Criminology is the interdisciplinary study of crime and deviant behaviour. Criminology is a multidisciplinary field in both the behavioural and social sciences, which draws primarily upon the research of sociologists, political scientists, economists, legal sociologists, psychologists, philosophers, psychiatrists, social workers, biologists, social anthropologists, scholars of law and jurisprudence, as well as the processes that define administration of justice and the criminal justice system.

The Ferguson effect is an increase in violent crime rates in a community caused by reduced proactive policing due to the community's distrust and hostility towards police. The Ferguson effect was first proposed after police saw an increase in violence following the 2014 shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri. The term was coined by Doyle Sam Dotson III, the chief of the St. Louis police, to account for an increased murder rate in some U.S. cities following the Ferguson unrest. Whether the Ferguson effect really exists is subject of discussions with many published studies reporting contradicting findings concerning whether there is a change in crime rates, number of 911 calls, homicides, and proactive policing. Furthermore, the effect and influence of the portrayal of police brutality in the media is also contested.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mass shootings in the United States</span> Incidents involving multiple victims of firearm violence

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In the United Kingdom, the county lines drug supply model is the practice of trafficking drugs into rural areas and smaller towns, away from major cities. Criminal gangs recruit and exploit vulnerable children, sometimes including children in pupil referral units and those who have been excluded from school, and exploit them to deal drugs. Some young people are recruited via debt bondage, whereby they enter county lines to pay off drug debts.

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References

  1. ↑ "Mass Shooting Data & Research". The Violence Project. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  2. 1 2 Peterson, Jillian; Densley, James (7 September 2021). The Violence Project: How to Stop a Mass Shooting Epidemic. Abrams Press. ISBN   978-1419752957.
  3. ↑ Piquero, Alex R. (10 May 2018). "Linking Race-Based Perceptions of Gangs to Criminals and Athletes". Society. 55 (3): 237–242. doi:10.1007/s12115-018-0244-z. ISSN   0147-2011. S2CID   150286013.
  4. ↑ Baas, Jeroen; Boyack, Kevin; Ioannidis, John P. A. (19 October 2021). "August 2021 data-update for "Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators"". 3. Elsevier BV. doi:10.17632/btchxktzyw.3.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. 1 2 Densley, James A. (2013). How gangs work : an ethnography of youth violence. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN   9781137271518. OCLC   842155883.
  6. 1 2 Densley, James A. (1 August 2012). "Street Gang Recruitment: Signaling, Screening, and Selection". Social Problems. 59 (3): 301–321. doi:10.1525/sp.2012.59.3.301. ISSN   0037-7791.
  7. 1 2 Densley, James A.; Pyrooz, David C. (2 August 2017). "A Signaling Perspective on Disengagement from Gangs". Justice Quarterly. 36: 31–58. doi:10.1080/07418825.2017.1357743. ISSN   0741-8825. S2CID   148914158.
  8. ↑ Pyrooz, David C.; Densley, James A. (9 December 2015). "Selection into Street Gangs". Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 53 (4): 447–481. doi:10.1177/0022427815619462. ISSN   0022-4278. S2CID   146763436.
  9. ↑ Densley, James; Peterson, Jillian (1 February 2018). "Group Aggression". Current Opinion in Psychology. 19: 43–48. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.031. PMID   29279221.
  10. ↑ Pyrooz, David C.; Densley, James A. (1 June 2018). "On Public Protest, Violence, and Street Gangs". Society. 55 (3): 229–236. doi:10.1007/s12115-018-0242-1. ISSN   1936-4725. S2CID   149677533.
  11. ↑ Densley, James (7 October 2014). "ISIS: The street gang on steroids". CNN.
  12. ↑ Van Hellemont, Elke; Densley, James A (7 March 2018). "Gang glocalization: How the global mediascape creates and shapes local gang realities" (PDF). Crime, Media, Culture. 15: 169–189. doi:10.1177/1741659018760107. ISSN   1741-6590. S2CID   148637493.
  13. ↑ Peterson, Jillian; Densley, James (2017). "Cyber violence: What do we know and where do we go from here?". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 34: 193–200. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2017.01.012. ISSN   1359-1789. S2CID   151762431.
  14. 1 2 Storrod, Michelle L.; Densley, James A. (28 November 2016). "'Going viral' and 'Going country': the expressive and instrumental activities of street gangs on social media". Journal of Youth Studies. 20 (6): 677–696. doi:10.1080/13676261.2016.1260694. ISSN   1367-6261. S2CID   151516320.
  15. ↑ Lauger, Timothy R.; Densley, James A. (19 June 2017). "Broadcasting Badness: Violence, Identity, and Performance in the Online Gang Rap Scene". Justice Quarterly. 35 (5): 816–84. doi:10.1080/07418825.2017.1341542. ISSN   0741-8825. S2CID   149250807.
  16. ↑ Irwin-Rogers, Keir; Densley, James; Pinkney, Craig (4 January 2018), Gang Violence and Social Media, Routledge, pp. 400–410, ISBN   9781138668188 , retrieved 3 August 2018
  17. ↑ Miller, Alex (16 December 2023). "Can these scientists stop America's next mass shooting?". The Sunday Times. ISSN   0140-0460 . Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  18. ↑ "James Densley – BA (Hons) Sociology with American Studies – University of Northampton".
  19. ↑ Densley, J. (2012). Street gang recruitment: Signaling, screening and selection. Social Problems, 59(3), 301–321. doi: 10.1525/sp.2012.59.3.301.
  20. ↑ "Associates". www.exlegi.ox.ac.uk.
  21. ↑ Densley, James A.; Hamill, Heather (1 January 2011). Under the hood: the mechanics of London's street gangs (Thesis). Oxford University, UK.
  22. ↑ "James Densley | Metro State University". www.metrostate.edu. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  23. ↑ "Riots: Cameron statement in full". BBC News. 11 August 2011.
  24. ↑ Ambrogi, Stefano (12 August 2011). "Riots are a cry for help: ex London gang leader". Reuters .
  25. ↑ Densley, James; Mason, Nick (1 October 2011). "The London Riots: A Gang Problem?". Policing Today. 17: 14–15 – via ResearchGate.
  26. ↑ Harding, S. (5 February 2014). "Youth Gangs, Violence and Social Respect. By R. White (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, 227 pp. 55.00) * How Gangs Work: An Ethnography of Youth Violence. By J. Densley (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, 213 pp. 55.00)". British Journal of Criminology. 54 (2): 368–373. doi:10.1093/bjc/azt078.
  27. ↑ Densley, James A. (25 September 2015), "Joining the Gang", The Handbook of Gangs, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, pp. 235–256, doi:10.1002/9781118726822.ch13, ISBN   9781118726822
  28. ↑ Densley, James A. (28 August 2018). "Gang Joining". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.437. ISBN   9780190264079.
  29. ↑ Johnson, Andrew; Densley, James (18 May 2018). "Rio's New Social Order: How Religion Signals Disengagement from Prison Gangs". Qualitative Sociology. 41 (2): 243–262. doi:10.1007/s11133-018-9379-x. ISSN   0162-0436. S2CID   150247394.
  30. ↑ Siegel, Larry J. (28 February 2014). Criminology: The Core. Cengage Learning. ISBN   9781285965543 – via Google Books.
  31. ↑ Densley, James A. (4 April 2012). "It's Gang Life, But Not As We Know It". Crime & Delinquency. 60 (4): 517–546. doi:10.1177/0011128712437912. ISSN   0011-1287. S2CID   145149869.
  32. ↑ Whittaker, Andrew; Densley, James; Cheston, Len; Tyrell, Tajae; Higgins, Martyn; Felix-Baptiste, Claire; Havard, Tirion (13 March 2019). "Reluctant Gangsters Revisited: The Evolution of Gangs from Postcodes to Profits" (PDF). European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. 26: 1–22. doi:10.1007/s10610-019-09408-4. ISSN   1572-9869. S2CID   151012724.
  33. ↑ McLean, Robert (25 January 2017). "An Evolving Gang Model in Contemporary Scotland" (PDF). Deviant Behavior. 39 (3): 309–321. doi:10.1080/01639625.2016.1272969. ISSN   0163-9625. S2CID   151466279.
  34. ↑ Densley, James; McLean, Robert; Deuchar, Ross; Harding, Simon (2018). "An altered state? Emergent changes to illicit drug markets and distribution networks in scotland" (PDF). International Journal of Drug Policy. 58: 113–120. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.05.011. ISSN   0955-3959. PMID   29908515. S2CID   49305888.
  35. ↑ Densley, J. (2014). It’s gang life, but not as we know it: The evolution of gang business. Crime & Delinquency, 60(4), 517–546. doi: 10.1177/0011128712437912. Page 533.
  36. ↑ Robinson, Grace; McLean, Robert; Densley, James (19 October 2018). "Working County Lines: Child Criminal Exploitation and Illicit Drug Dealing in Glasgow and Merseyside" (PDF). International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 63 (5): 694–711. doi:10.1177/0306624x18806742. ISSN   0306-624X. PMID   30338710. S2CID   53015950.
  37. ↑ Robinson, Grace; Densley, James; McLean, Robert (2018). "County lines: the dark realities of life for teenage drug runners". The Conversation. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  38. ↑ "The Violence Project (@theviolencepro) | Twitter". twitter.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  39. ↑ "How a Minnesota program could become the new standard in crisis intervention training". Star Tribune. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  40. ↑ Collins, Jon. "Minnetonka cops connect with mental health workers to defuse crises". Minnesota Public Radio News. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  41. ↑ Peterson, Jillian; Densley, James; Erickson, Gina (30 July 2019). "Evaluation of 'the R-Model' crisis intervention de-escalation training for law enforcement". The Police Journal. 93 (4): 271–289. doi:10.1177/0032258X19864997. ISSN   0032-258X. S2CID   201341154.
  42. ↑ "Minnesota researchers create mass shooting database". AP News. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  43. ↑ Densley, James; Peterson, Jillian. "School shooters usually show these signs of distress long before they open fire, our database shows". The Conversation. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  44. ↑ "School shootings didn't start in 1999 at Columbine. Here's why that disaster became a blueprint for other killers and created the 'Columbine generation'". The Washington Post. 18 April 2019.
  45. ↑ Shockman, Elizabeth. "Minnesota researchers say we're still getting school safety wrong". www.mprnews.org. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  46. ↑ Shamus, Kristen Jordan. "America changed: Anxiety simmers as mass shootings loom any time, anywhere". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  47. ↑ "Op-Ed: We have studied every mass shooting since 1966. Here's what we've learned about the shooters". Los Angeles Times. 4 August 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  48. ↑ "Mass shootings: Experts say violence is contagious, and 24/7 news cycle doesn't help". NBC News. Retrieved 2019-08-11. [ verification needed ]
  49. ↑ Tribune, Reid Forgrave Star. "Two Minnesota professors have devoted their careers to researching mass shooters". Star Tribune. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  50. ↑ Peterson, Jillian; Erickson, Gina; Knapp, Kyle; Densley, James (4 November 2021). "Communication of Intent to Do Harm Preceding Mass Public Shootings in the United States, 1966 to 2019". JAMA Network Open. 4 (11): e2133073. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.33073. ISSN   2574-3805. PMC   8569489 . PMID   34735012.
  51. ↑ "Prof. James Densley recognized with UK Prime Minister's Points of Light Award". www.metrostate.edu. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  52. ↑ "PsycNET". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  53. ↑ "Growing Against Violence". Points of Light. 29 August 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  54. ↑ "Violence in the Age of Social Media". TEDx. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  55. ↑ Densley, James, Peterson, Jillian (16 February 2018). "Why the usual approach to school security isn't working". CNN. Retrieved 21 February 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  56. ↑ Densley, James, Peterson, Jillian (23 August 2017). "How social media sends extremism into overdrive". CNN. Retrieved 21 February 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  57. ↑ Peterson, Jillian; Densley, James (9 October 2019). "What School Shooters Have in Common". Education Week. ISSN   0277-4232 . Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  58. ↑ Whittaker, Andrew; Densley, James (15 January 2019). "London's gangs have changed, and it's driving a surge in pitiless violence | Andrew Whittaker and James Densley". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  59. ↑ Densley, James; Pyrooz; Decker (10 December 2021). "Op-Ed: The real cultural significance of 'West Side Story'? It spread powerful myths about gangs". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  60. ↑ Peterson, Jillian; Densley, James (26 January 2023). "Opinion | We Profiled the 'Signs of Crisis' in 50 Years of Mass Shootings. This Is What We Found". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  61. ↑ Densley, James; Peterson, Jillian. "What We Know about Mass School Shootings—and Shooters—in the U.S." Scientific American. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  62. ↑ "OPINION EXCHANGE | Editorial counterpoint: Preventing mass school shootings? Here's a key first step". Star Tribune. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
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  64. ↑ "We can do more to prevent mass workplace shootings like Aurora, Illinois". USA TODAY. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  65. ↑ Pyrooz, David; Densley, James (17 September 2017). "To Deal With Antifa, Designate It a Street Gang". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660 . Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  66. ↑ "Opinion | School shootings are increasing — and changing. Easily accessible guns are to blame". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  67. ↑ "Minnesota Book Awards Winners & Finalists". The Friends of the Saint Paul Public Library. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
  68. ↑ "Growing Against Violence – Points of Light". Points of Light. 30 August 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  69. ↑ Jihadi Apprentice. ISBN   9781950806010.
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