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Burundi originated in the 16th century as a small kingdom in the African Great Lakes region. After European contact,it was united with the Kingdom of Rwanda,becoming the colony of Ruanda-Urundi - first colonised by Germany and then by Belgium. The colony gained independence in 1962,and split once again into Rwanda and Burundi. It is one of the few countries in Africa to be a direct territorial continuation of a pre-colonial era African state.
The Hutu,also known as the Abahutu,are a Bantu ethnic or social group which is native to the African Great Lakes region. They mainly live in Rwanda,Burundi and the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo,where they form one of the principal ethnic groups alongside the Tutsi and the Great Lakes Twa.
The Tutsi,also called Watusi,Watutsi or Abatutsi,are an ethnic group of the African Great Lakes region. They are a Bantu-speaking ethnic group and the second largest of three main ethnic groups in Rwanda and Burundi.
Michel Micombero was a Burundian politician and army officer who ruled the country as de facto military dictator for the decade between 1966 and 1976. He was the last Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Burundi from July to November 1966,and the first President of the Republic from November 1966 until his overthrow in 1976.
The Republic of Martyazo was a short-lived secessionist state proclaimed by Hutu rebels at Vyanda in Burundi at the province of Makamba in the early May 1972 during the genocidal violence of 1972 as a bid to create a political base. At first,the state was located inside the mountainous Vugizo commune,between Makamba and Nyanza Lac. However,it quickly expanded to its surroundings,even reaching the border with Tanzania.
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RenéLemarchand is a French-American political scientist who is known for his research on ethnic conflict and genocide in Rwanda,Burundi and Darfur. Publishing in both English and French,he is particularly known for his work on the concept of clientelism. He is a Professor Emeritus at the University of Florida,and continues to write,teach internationally and consult. Since retiring he has worked for USAID out of Abidjan,Côte d'Ivoire as a Regional Consultant for West Africa in Governance and Democracy,and as Democracy and Governance advisor to USAID / Ghana.
Selemani Yamin Ndikumana is a Burundian footballer who plays for KMC in Tanzania.
Burundi,officially the Republic of Burundi,is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley at the junction between the African Great Lakes region and East Africa. It is bordered by Rwanda to the north,Tanzania to the east and southeast,and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west;Lake Tanganyika lies along its southwestern border. The capital cities are Gitega and Bujumbura,the latter being the country's largest city.
AndréMuhirwa was a Burundian politician who served as prime minister of Burundi from 1961 to 1963. He became prime minister following the assassination of his predecessor,Louis Rwagasore. A member of the Union for National Progress (UPRONA),he previously served as Minister of the Interior from September to October 1961.
An attempted coup d'etat in Burundi took place between 18–19 October 1965,when a group of ethnic Hutu officers from the Burundian military and gendarmerie attempted to overthrow Burundi's government. The rebels were frustrated with Burundi's monarch,Mwami Mwambutsa IV,who had repeatedly attempted to cement his control over the government and bypassed parliamentary norms despite Hutu electoral gains. Although the prime minister was shot and wounded,the coup failed due to the intervention of a contingent of troops led by Captain Michel Micombero.
On 8 July 1966,a coup d'état took place in the Kingdom of Burundi. The second in Burundi's post-independence history,the coup ousted the government loyal to the king (mwami) of Burundi,Mwambutsa IV,who had gone into exile in October 1965 after the failure of an earlier coup d'état.
Jean-Paul Harroy was a Belgian colonial civil servant who served as the last Governor and only Resident-General of Ruanda-Urundi. His term coincided with the Rwandan Revolution and the assassination of the popular Burundian political leader Prince Louis Rwagasore. It has been alleged that Harroy may have been implicated in the murder.
Roberto Régnier was a Belgian Colonial official in Ruanda-Urundi. He served as Regent from 28 July 1961 to January 1962 and as High Representative of Burundi for no more than six months starting in January 1962.
The Ministry of Justice of Burundi performs tasks such as the following:
The Ikiza,or the Ubwicanyi (Killings),was a series of mass killings—often characterised as a genocide—which were committed in Burundi in 1972 by the Tutsi-dominated army and government,primarily against educated and elite Hutus who lived in the country. Conservative estimates place the death toll of the event between 100,000 and 150,000 killed,while some estimates of the death toll go as high as 300,000.
On 21 October 1993,a coup was attempted in Burundi by a Tutsi–dominated army faction. The coup attempt resulted in assassination of Hutu President Melchior Ndadaye and the deaths of other officials in the constitutional line of presidential succession. François Ngeze was presented as the new President of Burundi by the army,but the coup failed under domestic and international pressure,leaving Prime Minister Sylvie Kinigi in charge of the government.
Martin Ndayahoze was a Burundian military officer and government official who served variously as Minister of Information,Minister of Economy,and Deputy Chief of Staff of the Burundian National Army. He was the only Hutu military officer to serve in government under President Michel Micombero and frequently warned of the dangers of ethnic violence in his reports to the presidency. He was executed in 1972.
Thaddée Siryuyumunsi was a Burundian politician who served as President of the National Assembly from 1961 to 1965.
References
- ↑ Africa Renaissance Time (2008-12-12), Melchior Wagara & Jean Bosco Ndikumana , retrieved 2024-01-04
- ↑ Lemarchand, Rene; Lemarchand, René (2012-04-18). The Dynamics of Violence in Central Africa. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0259-5.
- ↑ https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/afr160062008en.pdf
- 1 2 https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/60054/burundi-suspected-coup-plotters-be-charged-attorney-general-says
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