Jingmenvirus

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Jingmenvirus
Virus classification Red Pencil Icon.png
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Kitrinoviricota
Class: Flasuviricetes
Order: Amarillovirales
Family: Flaviviridae (?)
(unranked):Jingmenvirus
Member viruses

Jingmenvirus is a group of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with segmented genomes. They are primarily associated with arthropods and are one of only two known segmented RNA viruses that infect animal hosts. [1] [2] [3] The first member of the group, the Jingmen tick virus (JMTV), was described in 2014. [4] Another member, the Guaico Culex virus (GCXV), has a highly unusual multicomponent architecture in which the genome segments are separately enclosed in different viral capsids. [5]

Contents

Examples

Jingmen tick virus

The first member of the group was described in 2014 and named the Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) because it was isolated from a tick sampled in Jingmen, China. [4] It is an enveloped spherical virus slightly larger than its closest viral relatives. The JMTV genome has four segments, two of which contain genes with sequence homology to non-structural proteins found in flaviviruses, including methyltransferase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The putative structural proteins in the JMTV genome have no known homologs. [4] In addition to identification in ticks, JMTV has also been identified in low abundances in mosquitoes such as Aedes albopictus . [6]

Guaico Culex virus

The Guaico Culex virus (GCXV) was reported in 2016 after isolation from Culex mosquitoes found near Guaico, Trinidad. [5] Different isolates of the virus have either four or five genome segments, though the fifth is not essential for viral proliferation. GCXV is a multicomponent (also known as multipartite) virus in which each genome segment is enclosed in its own small enveloped viral capsid. At least three genome segments, containing genes for non-structural proteins and capsid components, must enter a cell in order to successfully infect it and reproduce the virus. [5] Before the discovery of GMXV, multicomponent architecture had previously been reported only in viruses that infect plants and fungi, and had never been observed in an enveloped virus. [1] [5]

Other viruses

Genetic material that likely belongs to other jingmenviruses can be identified through bioinformatics. In some cases, such sequences were not recognized as viral or the segmented nature of the genome was not recognized before JMTV was described. For example, the reported genome of the dog parasite Toxocara canis was found to contain sequences with homology to JMTV, likely representing a viral infection in the parasite that was sequenced. [4] [7] The Mogiana tick virus, first reported in 2011, is a similar example; its segmented genome was not recognized on first publication but was reanalyzed and identified as a jingmenvirus in 2017. [8]

Sequences with homology to JMTV have also been isolated from a red colobus monkey, suggesting the possibility of a segmented, possibly multicomponent virus capable of infecting primates. [5] A metagenomics study of arthropod flaviviruses identified five additional examples of likely jingmenvirus sequences. [9]

Evolution

Jingmenviruses are related to flaviviruses, which have non-segmented genomes transmitted in a single capsid. Homology has consistently been observed between the genes encoding non-structural proteins of jingmenviruses and flaviviruses, including RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. However, the genomic architecture of the homologous genes varies significantly; the canonical flavivirus genome consists of a single open reading frame (ORF) whose protein product is processed by proteases, whereas the non-structural jingmenvirus proteins are encoded on two genome segments, each containing one ORF. Although there are few known jingmenvirus sequences, the gene composition of the genome segments appears to be well-conserved. [4] [5] [9] By contrast, the putative jingmenvirus structural proteins that likely make up its capsids have no homology to known proteins. [4] [5]

It is striking that the segmented jingmenviruses' closest known relatives are nonsegmented. [1] [2] The evolutionary mechanisms underlying genome segmentation and especially multicomponent architecture are poorly understood. Although segmented genomes appear to have evolved several times in the virome, the evolutionary mechanism underlying this structure is unclear. [10] [11] It is likewise unclear whether multicomponent architecture is a distinct evolutionary strategy or is an artifact of the mechanism of segmentation, possibly via the formation of defective interfering particles. [1] [10]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RNA virus</span> Subclass of viruses

An RNA virus is a virus—other than a retrovirus—that has ribonucleic acid (RNA) as its genetic material. The nucleic acid is usually single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) but it may be double-stranded (dsRNA). Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include the common cold, influenza, SARS, MERS, Covid-19, Dengue Virus, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, West Nile fever, Ebola virus disease, rabies, polio, mumps, and measles.

<i>Flaviviridae</i> Family of viruses

Flaviviridae is a family of enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses which mainly infect mammals and birds. They are primarily spread through arthropod vectors. The family gets its name from the yellow fever virus; flavus is Latin for "yellow", and yellow fever in turn was named because of its propensity to cause jaundice in victims. There are 89 species in the family divided among four genera. Diseases associated with the group include: hepatitis (hepaciviruses), hemorrhagic syndromes, fatal mucosal disease (pestiviruses), hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and the birth defect microcephaly (flaviviruses).

Viral evolution is a subfield of evolutionary biology and virology that is specifically concerned with the evolution of viruses. Viruses have short generation times, and many—in particular RNA viruses—have relatively high mutation rates. Although most viral mutations confer no benefit and often even prove deleterious to viruses, the rapid rate of viral mutation combined with natural selection allows viruses to quickly adapt to changes in their host environment. In addition, because viruses typically produce many copies in an infected host, mutated genes can be passed on to many offspring quickly. Although the chance of mutations and evolution can change depending on the type of virus, viruses overall have high chances for mutations.

<i>Flavivirus</i> Genus of viruses

Flavivirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Flaviviridae. The genus includes the West Nile virus, dengue virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus and several other viruses which may cause encephalitis, as well as insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) such as cell fusing agent virus (CFAV), Palm Creek virus (PCV), and Parramatta River virus (PaRV). While dual-host flaviviruses can infect vertebrates as well as arthropods, insect-specific flaviviruses are restricted to their competent arthropods. The means by which flaviviruses establish persistent infection in their competent vectors and cause disease in humans depends upon several virus-host interactions, including the intricate interplay between flavivirus-encoded immune antagonists and the host antiviral innate immune effector molecules.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rubella virus</span> Species of virus

Rubella virus (RuV) is the pathogenic agent of the disease rubella, transmitted only between humans via the respiratory route, and is the main cause of congenital rubella syndrome when infection occurs during the first weeks of pregnancy.

<i>Bunyavirales</i> Order of RNA viruses

Bunyavirales is an order of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses with mainly tripartite genomes. Member viruses infect arthropods, plants, protozoans, and vertebrates. It is the only order in the class Ellioviricetes. The name Bunyavirales derives from Bunyamwera, where the original type species Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus was first discovered. Ellioviricetes is named in honor of late virologist Richard M. Elliott for his early work on bunyaviruses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polydnavirus</span> Family of viruses

A polydnavirus (PDV) is a member of the family Polydnaviridae of insect viruses. There are two genera in the family: Bracovirus and Ichnovirus. Polydnaviruses form a symbiotic relationship with parasitoid wasps;. The larvae of wasps in both of those groups are themselves parasitic on Lepidoptera, and the polydnaviruses are important in circumventing the immune response of their parasitized hosts. Little or no sequence homology exists between BV and IV, suggesting that the two genera have been evolving independently for a long time.

<i>Alphavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Alphavirus is a genus of RNA viruses, the sole genus in the Togaviridae family. Alphaviruses belong to group IV of the Baltimore classification of viruses, with a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. There are 32 alphaviruses, which infect various vertebrates such as humans, rodents, fish, birds, and larger mammals such as horses, as well as invertebrates. Alphaviruses that could infect both vertebrates and arthropods are referred dual-host alphaviruses, while insect-specific alphaviruses such as Eilat virus and Yada yada virus are restricted to their competent arthropod vector. Transmission between species and individuals occurs mainly via mosquitoes, making the alphaviruses a member of the collection of arboviruses – or arthropod-borne viruses. Alphavirus particles are enveloped, have a 70 nm diameter, tend to be spherical, and have a 40 nm isometric nucleocapsid.

<i>Orbivirus</i> Genus of viruses

Orbivirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae and subfamily Sedoreovirinae. Unlike other reoviruses, orbiviruses are arboviruses. They can infect and replicate within a wide range of arthropod and vertebrate hosts. Orbiviruses are named after their characteristic doughnut-shaped capsomers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baltimore classification</span> Virus classification system made by David Baltimore

Baltimore classification is a system used to classify viruses based on their manner of messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis. By organizing viruses based on their manner of mRNA production, it is possible to study viruses that behave similarly as a distinct group. Seven Baltimore groups are described that take into consideration whether the viral genome is made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA), whether the genome is single- or double-stranded, and whether the sense of a single-stranded RNA genome is positive or negative.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Viral envelope</span> Outermost layer of many types of the infectious agent

A viral envelope is the outermost layer of many types of viruses. It protects the genetic material in their life cycle when traveling between host cells. Not all viruses have envelopes.

Drosophila X virus (DXV) belongs to the Birnaviridae family of viruses. Birnaviridae currently consists of three genera. The first genus is Entomobirnavirus, which contains DXV. The next genus is Aquabirnavirus, containing infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). The last genus is Avibirnavirus, which contains infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). All of these genera contain homology in three specific areas of their transcripts. The homology comes from the amino and carboxyl regions of preVP2, a small 21-residue-long domain near the carboxyl terminal of VP3, and similar small ORFs sequences.

Batai orthobunyavirus (BATV) is a RNA virus belonging to order Bunyavirales, genus Orthobunyavirus.

<i>West Nile virus</i> Species of flavivirus causing West Nile fever

West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes West Nile fever. It is a member of the family Flaviviridae, from the genus Flavivirus, which also contains the Zika virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus. The virus is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes, mostly species of Culex. The primary hosts of WNV are birds, so that the virus remains within a "bird–mosquito–bird" transmission cycle. The virus is genetically related to the Japanese encephalitis family of viruses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palm Creek virus</span> Species of virus

Palm Creek virus (PCV) is an insect virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus, of the family Flaviviridae. It was discovered in 2013 from the mosquito Coquillettidia xanthogaster. The female mosquitoes were originally collected in 2010 from Darwin, Katherine, Alice Springs, Alyangula, Groote Eylandt, Jabiru and the McArthur River Mine, and had since been preserved. The discovery was made by biologists at the University of Queensland. The virus is named after Palm Creek, near Darwin, from where it was originally isolated.

Umatilla virus(UMAV) is a dsRNA virus in the family Reoviridae, subfamily Sedoreovirinae, and the genus Orbivirus. This arbovirus was first isolated in 1969 in Umatilla County, Oregon in a group of Culex pipiens mosquitoes. The viral host is the Passer domesticus bird with the vectors being Culex mosquitoes.

Yokose virus (YOKV) is in the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae. Flaviviridae are often found in arthropods, such as mosquitoes and ticks, and may also infect humans. The genus Flavivirus includes over 50 known viruses, including Yellow Fever, West Nile Virus, Zika Virus, and Japanese Encephalitis. Yokose virus is a new member of the Flavivirus family that has only been identified in a few bat species. Bats have been associated with several emerging zoonotic diseases such as Ebola and SARS.

<i>Sepik virus</i> Mosquito transmitted virus endemic to Papua New Guinea

Sepik virus (SEPV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) of the genus Flavivirus and family Flaviviridae. Flaviviridae is one of the most well characterized viral families, as it contains many well-known viruses that cause diseases that have become very prevalent in the world, like Dengue virus. The genus Flavivirus is one of the largest viral genera and encompasses over 50 viral species, including tick and mosquito borne viruses like Yellow fever virus and West Nile virus. Sepik virus is much less well known and has not been as well-classified as other viruses because it has not been known of for very long. Sepik virus was first isolated in 1966 from the mosquito Mansoniaseptempunctata, and it derives its name from the Sepik River area in Papua New Guinea, where it was first found. The geographic range of Sepik virus is limited to Papua New Guinea, due to its isolation.

<i>Modoc virus</i> Species of virus

Modoc virus (MODV) is a rodent-associated flavivirus. Small and enveloped, MODV contains positive single-stranded RNA. Taxonomically, MODV is part of the Flavivirus genus and Flaviviridae family. The Flavivirus genus includes nearly 80 viruses, both vector-borne and no known vector (NKV) species. Known flavivirus vector-borne viruses include Dengue virus, Yellow Fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and West Nile virus.

Rio Negro virus is an alphavirus that was first isolated in Argentina in 1980. The virus was first called Ag80-663 but was renamed to Rio Negro virus in 2005. It is a former member of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex (VEEC), which are a group of alphaviruses in the Americas that have the potential to emerge and cause disease. Río Negro virus was recently reclassified as a distinct species. Closely related viruses include Mucambo virus and Everglades virus.

References

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  2. 1 2 Attar, Naomi (6 September 2016). "Animal viruses in pieces". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 14 (10): 606–7. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.133 . PMID   27595788.
  3. ↑ Michalakis, Yannis (September 2020). "The Curious Strategy of Multipartite Viruses" (PDF). Annual Review of Virology. 7 (1): 203–218. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-010220-063346. PMID   32991271. S2CID   222161056.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Qin, X.-C.; Shi, M.; Tian, J.-H.; Lin, X.-D.; Gao, D.-Y.; He, J.-R.; Wang, J.-B.; Li, C.-X.; Kang, Y.-J.; Yu, B.; Zhou, D.-J.; Xu, J.; Plyusnin, A.; Holmes, E. C.; Zhang, Y.-Z. (21 April 2014). "A tick-borne segmented RNA virus contains genome segments derived from unsegmented viral ancestors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (18): 6744–6749. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.6744Q. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1324194111 . PMC   4020047 . PMID   24753611.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ladner, Jason T.; Wiley, Michael R.; Beitzel, Brett; Auguste, Albert J.; Dupuis, Alan P.; Lindquist, Michael E.; Sibley, Samuel D.; Kota, Krishna P.; Fetterer, David; Eastwood, Gillian; Kimmel, David; Prieto, Karla; Guzman, Hilda; Aliota, Matthew T.; Reyes, Daniel; Brueggemann, Ernst E.; St. John, Lena; Hyeroba, David; Lauck, Michael; Friedrich, Thomas C.; O’Connor, David H.; Gestole, Marie C.; Cazares, Lisa H.; Popov, Vsevolod L.; Castro-Llanos, Fanny; Kochel, Tadeusz J.; Kenny, Tara; White, Bailey; Ward, Michael D.; Loaiza, Jose R.; Goldberg, Tony L.; Weaver, Scott C.; Kramer, Laura D.; Tesh, Robert B.; Palacios, Gustavo (September 2016). "A Multicomponent Animal Virus Isolated from Mosquitoes". Cell Host & Microbe. 20 (3): 357–367. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2016.07.011. PMC   5025392 . PMID   27569558.
  6. ↑ Parry R, James ME, Asgari S (2021). "Uncovering the Worldwide Diversity and Evolution of the Virome of the Mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus". Microorganisms. 9 (8): 1653. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9081653 . PMC   8398489 . PMID   34442732.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Tetteh, KK; Loukas, A; Tripp, C; Maizels, RM (September 1999). "Identification of abundantly expressed novel and conserved genes from the infective larval stage of Toxocara canis by an expressed sequence tag strategy". Infection and Immunity. 67 (9): 4771–9. doi:10.1128/IAI.67.9.4771-4779.1999. PMC   96808 . PMID   10456930.
  8. ↑ Villa, Erika C.; Maruyama, Sandra R.; de Miranda-Santos, Isabel K. F.; Palacios, Gustavo; Ladner, Jason T. (4 May 2017). "Complete Coding Genome Sequence for Mogiana Tick Virus, a Jingmenvirus Isolated from Ticks in Brazil". Genome Announcements. 5 (18): e00232–17. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00232-17. PMC   5477184 . PMID   28473376.
  9. 1 2 Shi, Mang; Lin, Xian-Dan; Vasilakis, Nikos; Tian, Jun-Hua; Li, Ci-Xiu; Chen, Liang-Jun; Eastwood, Gillian; Diao, Xiu-Nian; Chen, Ming-Hui; Chen, Xiao; Qin, Xin-Cheng; Widen, Steven G.; Wood, Thomas G.; Tesh, Robert B.; Xu, Jianguo; Holmes, Edward C.; Zhang, Yong-Zhen; Ou, J.-H. J. (15 January 2016). "Divergent Viruses Discovered in Arthropods and Vertebrates Revise the Evolutionary History of the Flaviviridae and Related Viruses". Journal of Virology. 90 (2): 659–669. doi:10.1128/JVI.02036-15. PMC   4702705 . PMID   26491167.
  10. 1 2 Lucía-Sanz, Adriana; Manrubia, Susanna (9 November 2017). "Multipartite viruses: adaptive trick or evolutionary treat?". NPJ Systems Biology and Applications. 3 (1): 34. doi:10.1038/s41540-017-0035-y. PMC   5680193 . PMID   29263796.
  11. ↑ Sicard, Anne; Michalakis, Yannis; Gutiérrez, Serafín; Blanc, Stéphane; Hobman, Tom C. (3 November 2016). "The Strange Lifestyle of Multipartite Viruses". PLOS Pathogens. 12 (11): e1005819. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005819. PMC   5094692 . PMID   27812219.
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