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The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was the principal channel of student commitment in the United States to the civil rights movement during the 1960s. Emerging in 1960 from the student-led sit-ins at segregated lunch counters in Greensboro, North Carolina, and Nashville, Tennessee, the Committee sought to coordinate and assist direct-action challenges to the civic segregation and political exclusion of African Americans. From 1962, with the support of the Voter Education Project, SNCC committed to the registration and mobilization of black voters in the Deep South. Affiliates such as the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party and the Lowndes County Freedom Organization in Alabama also worked to increase the pressure on federal and state government to enforce constitutional protections.
The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), also referred to simply as the Freedom Democratic Party, was an American political party that existed in the state of Mississippi from 1964 to 1968, during the Civil Rights Movement. Created as the partisan political branch of the Freedom Democratic organization, the party was organized by African Americans and White Americans sympathetic to the Civil Rights Movement from Mississippi to challenge the established power of the state Mississippi Democratic Party, which at the time opposed the Civil Rights Movement and allowed participation only by Whites, despite the fact that African Americans made up 40% of the state population.
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Joan Trumpauer Mulholland is an American civil rights activist who was active in the 1960s. She was one of the Freedom Riders who was arrested in Jackson, Mississippi in 1961, and was confined for two months in the Maximum Security Unit of the Mississippi State Penitentiary. The following year she was the first white student to enroll at Tougaloo College in Jackson, Mississippi and served as the local secretary of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).
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Freedom Farm Cooperative was an agricultural cooperative in Sunflower County, Mississippi, founded by American civil rights activist Fannie Lou Hamer in 1967 as a rural economic development and political organizing project. The cooperative sought to uplift Black families through food provisions, such as vegetable gardens and pig-raising, and through community support, such as housing development and education. By providing food and financial services that the U.S. government systematically denied Black communities as a means of oppression, the cooperative allowed Black families to be self-sufficient. With reliable food and housing, the community was able to more freely participate in politics and protest. This cooperative is a foundation for modern food security and food justice movements.
Sandra Cason Hayden was an American radical student activist and civil rights worker in the 1960s. Recognized for her defense of direct action in the struggle against racial segregation, in 1960 she was an early recruit to Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). With Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Mississippi, Hayden was a strategist and organizer for the 1964 Freedom Summer. In the internal discussion that followed its uncertain outcome, she clashed with the SNCC national executive.
African American women played a variety of important roles in the 1954-1968 civil rights movement. They served as leaders, demonstrators, organizers, fundraisers, theorists, formed abolition and self-help societies. They also created and published newspapers, poems, and stories about how they are treated and it paved the way for the modern civil rights movement. They were judged by the color of their skin, as well as being discriminated against society because they are women. African American women faced two struggles, both sexism and racism. Womanism fully encompasses the intersectionality between these two social barriers, thus encompassing African American female involvement in the civil rights movement. African American women led organizations and struggles for their suffrage, anti-lynching laws, full employment and especially against the Jim Crow Laws. They had to constantly fight for equality and needed to have a voice in what they can do in society. Black women served a special role as "bridge leaders," forming connections between those in formal positions of power and political constituents. They were the middle person going back and forth between the two groups and provided information to them. African American women actively participated in community organizing and took on informal leadership roles, making substantial grassroots contributions to the movement. They were essential in energizing the neighborhood, planning activities, and building relationships between neighbors. Black women provided crucial safe spaces for activists to plan, strategize, and discuss important problems by hosting meetings and gatherings in their homes. When coordinating activities was not safe or feasible in public locations, this kind of grassroots involvement was especially crucial. The experiences of Black women during the CRM were more nuanced due to the confluence of gender and race. They had to navigate issues of race and gender, and they occasionally encountered prejudice inside the civil rights movement as well as in larger society. Notwithstanding these obstacles, African American women persevered in their endeavors, making a substantial contribution to the movement's eventual triumph. Their leadership and activity opened doors for later generations and demonstrated how important it is to acknowledge and value the diverse roles that Black women have played in the struggle for racial justice and equality. A major turning point was the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955, which followed Rosa Park's bold move of not giving up her bus seat. Several notable African American female activists and organizations emerged from this movement, making essential gains in the civil rights agenda, despite restricted access to power and the Cold War atmosphere pushing for silence within the United States.
Constance Winifred Curry was an American civil rights activist, educator, and writer. A longtime opponent of racial discrimination, she was the first white woman to serve on the executive committee of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).
For Freedom's Sake: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer is a non-fiction book by Chana Kai Lee, published in 1999 by University of Illinois Press.
References
- 1 2 "Full Resume – Joan Browning" . Retrieved 2022-10-22.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Lynne Olson (2001). Freedom's daughters. Internet Archive. Scribner. pp. 228–231, 404–405. ISBN 978-0-684-85012-2.
- ↑ Johnson, Rheta Grimsley (1996-01-14). "For rights pioneer, time marches, but convictions remain". The Atlanta Constitution. p. 41. Retrieved 2022-04-09.
- 1 2 "Civil rights experiences in the spotlight". Clarion-Ledger. 2002-04-20. p. 16. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
- ↑ Hollars, B. J. (2018). The road south : personal stories of the Freedom Riders. Tuscaloosa. ISBN 978-0-8173-9179-9. OCLC 1031468795.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ Hollars, B.J. (2021-10-15). "Democracy demands memory, action - just ask a Freedom Rider". Leader-Telegram. pp. , . Retrieved 2022-06-01.
- ↑ Browning, Joan C. (January 2022). "For Freedom's Sake: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer". Alabama Review . 55 (1): 56–58 – via ProQuest.
- ↑ Reviews
- Garrow, David J. (2001). Curry, Constance; Browning, Joan C.; Burlage, Dorothy Dawson; Patch, Penny; Del Pozzo, Theresa; Thrasher, Sue; DeLott Baker, Elaine; Adams, Emmie Schrader; Hayden, Casey (eds.). "Requiem for a Dream". The Wilson Quarterly. 25 (2): 112–114. ISSN 0363-3276. JSTOR 40260195.
- Brownmiller, Susan (2001). Curry, Constance; Browning, Joan C. (eds.). "The Time of Their Lives". The Women's Review of Books. 18 (5): 20. doi:10.2307/4023605. ISSN 0738-1433. JSTOR 4023605.
- McCandless, Amy Thompson (2001). "Review of Deep in Our Hearts: Nine White Women in the Freedom Movement". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 85 (1): 170–172. ISSN 0016-8297. JSTOR 40584401.
- ↑ "Freedom rider slated to speak at Millsaps". The Northside Sun. 2002-04-25. p. 21. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
- ↑ "WVUToday Archive". wvutoday-archive.wvu.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
- ↑ "Commencement Program Archives" (PDF). marshall.edu/commencement/commencement-programs/. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
