The Lord President of the Court of Session and Lord Justice General is the most senior judge in Scotland,the head of the judiciary,and the presiding judge of the College of Justice,the Court of Session,and the High Court of Justiciary. The Lord President holds the title of Lord Justice General of Scotland and the head of the High Court of Justiciary ex officio,as the two offices were combined in 1836. The Lord President has authority over any court established under Scots law,except for the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and the Court of the Lord Lyon.
The Court of Session is the supreme civil court of Scotland and constitutes part of the College of Justice;the supreme criminal court of Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary. The Court of Session sits in Parliament House in Edinburgh and is both a trial court and a court of appeal. The court was established in 1532 by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland,and was initially presided over by the Lord Chancellor of Scotland and had equal numbers of clergy and laity. The judges were all appointed from the King's Council. As of May 2017,the Lord President was Lord Carloway,who was appointed on 19 December 2015,and the Lord Justice Clerk was Lady Dorrian,who was appointed on 13 April 2016.
The High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court in Scotland. The High Court is both a trial court and a court of appeal. As a trial court,the High Court sits on circuit at Parliament House or in the adjacent former Sheriff Court building in the Old Town in Edinburgh,or in dedicated buildings in Glasgow and Aberdeen. The High Court sometimes sits in various smaller towns in Scotland,where it uses the local sheriff court building. As an appeal court,the High Court sits only in Edinburgh. On one occasion the High Court of Justiciary sat outside Scotland,at Zeist in the Netherlands during the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial,as the Scottish Court in the Netherlands. At Zeist the High Court sat both as a trial court,and an appeal court for the initial appeal by Abdelbaset al-Megrahi.
The judicial system of Ukraine is outlined in the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine. Before this there was no notion of judicial review nor any Supreme court since 1991's Ukrainian independence when it started being slowly restructured.
The courts of Scotland are responsible for administration of justice in Scotland,under statutory,common law and equitable provisions within Scots law. The courts are presided over by the judiciary of Scotland,who are the various judicial office holders responsible for issuing judgments,ensuring fair trials,and deciding on sentencing. The Court of Session is the supreme civil court of Scotland,subject to appeals to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom,and the High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court,which is only subject to the authority of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom on devolution issues and human rights compatibility issues.
The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the final court of appeal in the United Kingdom for all civil cases,and for criminal cases originating in England,Wales and Northern Ireland. As the United Kingdom’s highest appellate court for these matters,it hears cases of the greatest public or constitutional importance affecting the whole population.
The Senators of the College of Justice in Scotland are judges of the College of Justice,a set of legal institutions involved in the administration of justice in Scotland. There are three types of senator:Lords of Session;Lords Commissioners of Justiciary;and the Chairman of the Scottish Land Court. Whilst the High Court and Court of Session historically maintained separate judiciary,these are now identical,and the term Senator is almost exclusively used in referring to the judges of these courts.
The Supreme Court of Georgia represents the court of the highest and final administration of justice in the country. It was established in 2005 as the cassation instance court. It is located in Tbilisi,the capital of Georgia,in a building designed by Aleksander Szymkiewicz and built in 1894.
The Supreme Court of Korea is the highest ordinary court in the judicial branch of South Korea,seated in Seocho,Seoul. Established under Chapter 5 of the Constitution of South Korea,the Court has ultimate and comprehensive jurisdiction over all cases except those cases falling under the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court of Korea. It consists of fourteen Justices,including the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Korea. The Supreme Court is at the top of the hierarchy of all ordinary courts in South Korea,and traditionally represented the conventional judiciary of South Korea. The Supreme Court has equivalent status as one of the two highest courts in South Korea. The other is the Constitutional Court of Korea.
The judiciary of Pakistan is the national system of courts that maintains the law and order in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Pakistan uses a common law system,which was introduced during the colonial era,influenced by local medieval judicial systems based on religious and cultural practices. The Constitution of Pakistan lays down the fundamentals and working of the Pakistani judiciary.
The Oklahoma Court System is the judicial system for the U.S. State of Oklahoma. Based in Oklahoma City,the court system is a unified state court system that functions under the Chief Justice of Oklahoma who is its administrator-in-chief.
The Supreme Court is the highest court in the Kingdom of Spain. Originally established pursuant to Title V of the Constitution of 1812 to replace —in all matters that affected justice—the System of Councils,and currently regulated by Title VI of the Constitution of 1978,it has original jurisdiction over cases against high-ranking officials of the Kingdom and over cases regarding illegalization of political parties. It also has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all cases. The Court has the power of judicial review,except for the judicial revision on constitutional matters,reserved to the Constitutional Court.
The judiciary of India is a system of courts that interpret and apply the law in the Republic of India. India uses a common law system,first introduced by the British East India Company and with influence from other colonial powers and Indian princely states,as well as practices from ancient and medieval times. The Constitution of India provides concept for a single and unified judiciary in India.
The judiciary of Malta interprets and applies the laws of Malta,to ensure equal justice under law,and to provide a mechanism for dispute resolution. The legal system of Malta is based partially on English law and partly on Continental law,whilst also being subject to European Union law.
The Judiciary of New York is the judicial branch of the Government of New York,comprising all the courts of the State of New York.
The judiciary of Scotland are the judicial office holders who sit in the courts of Scotland and make decisions in both civil and criminal cases. Judges make sure that cases and verdicts are within the parameters set by Scots law,and they must hand down appropriate judgments and sentences. Judicial independence is guaranteed in law,with a legal duty on Scottish Ministers,the Lord Advocate and the Members of the Scottish Parliament to uphold judicial independence,and barring them from influencing the judges through any form of special access.
The judiciary of Iraq is a branch of the government of Iraq that interprets and applies the laws of Iraq,to ensure equal justice under law,and provides a mechanism for dispute resolution. The judiciary is composed of the Higher Judicial Council,the Supreme Court,the Court of Cassation,the Public Prosecution Department,the Judiciary Oversight Commission,the Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal,the Central Criminal Court and other courts that are regulated by law.
The Judiciary of Tanzania is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in Tanzania. The current judiciary bases its foundation to the constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania of 1977. Under the Constitution of Tanzania,Justices and Magistrates are independent of the government and subject only to the Constitution and the law. The country has a dual juristition system where there is a judicial structure responsible for Tanzania Mainland and another for Zanzibar. The Court of Appeal of the United Republic was established in 1979 as the final appellate judicial body with jurisdiction over the entire union.
The High Council of the Judiciary is an Italian institution of constitutional importance,entrusted to preside over the organisation of the Italian Judiciary. The High Council sits in the Palazzo dei Marescialli,Piazza Indipendenza 6,Rome.
Anuradha Vaitheswaran is an American lawyer and jurist serving as a judge of the Iowa Court of Appeals. She was appointed to the court by Governor Tom Vilsack in 1999.
Tanzania 
