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Khartoum or Khartum is the capital of Sudan. With a population of 6,344,348,Khartoum's metropolitan area is the largest in Sudan.
The history of Sudan refers to the territory that today makes up Republic of the Sudan and the state of South Sudan,which became independent in 2011. The territory of Sudan is geographically part of a larger African region,also known by the term "Sudan". The term is derived from Arabic:بلادالسودانbilād as-sūdān,or "land of the black people",and has sometimes been used more widely referring to the Sahel belt of West and Central Africa.
Currently,the politics of Sudan takes place in the framework of a federal provisional government. Previously,a president was head of state,head of government,and commander-in-chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces in a de jure multi-party system. Legislative power was officially vested in both the government and in the two chambers,the National Assembly (lower) and the Council of States (higher),of the bicameral National Legislature. The judiciary is independent and obtained by the Constitutional Court. However,following a deadly civil war and the still ongoing genocide in Darfur,Sudan was widely recognized as a totalitarian state where all effective political power was held by President Omar al-Bashir and his National Congress Party (NCP). However,al-Bashir and the NCP were ousted in a military coup which occurred on April 11,2019. The government of Sudan was then led by the Transitional Military Council or TMC. On 20 August 2019,the TMC dissolved giving its authority over to the Sovereignty Council of Sudan,who were planned to govern for 39 months until 2022,in the process of transitioning to democracy. However,the Sovereignty Council and the Sudanese government were dissolved in October 2021.
Below is a list of the 18 states of the Sudan. Prior to 9 July 2011,the Republic of the Sudan was composed of 25 states. The ten southern states now form part of the independent country of South Sudan. Two additional states were created in 2012 within the Darfur region,and one in 2013 in Kordofan,bringing the total to 18.
The United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) was established by the UN Security Council under Resolution 1590 of 24 March 2005,in response to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the government of the Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement on January 9,2005,in Sudan.
Dr.Lam Akol Ajawin,is a South Sudanese politician of Shilluk descent. He is the current leader of National Democratic Movement (NDM) party. He is a former high-ranking official in the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA),and subsequently became the Foreign Minister of Sudan from September 2005 to October 2007,when the Khartoum government offered the SPLA several other key ministries as part of a peace agreement.
The National Assembly is the lower house of the National Legislature of Sudan. The Legislature was unicameral until 2005. The upper house is the Council of States.
The Government of Sudan is the federal provisional government created by the Constitution of Sudan having executive,parliamentary,and the judicial branches. Previously,a president was head of state,head of government,and commander-in-chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces in a de jure multi-party system. Legislative power was officially vested in both the government and in the two houses –the National Assembly (lower) and the Council of States (upper) –of the bicameral National Legislature. The judiciary is independent and obtained by the Constitutional Court. However,following the Second Sudanese Civil War and the still ongoing genocide in Darfur,Sudan was widely recognized as a totalitarian state where all effective political power was held by President Omar al-Bashir and his National Congress Party (NCP). However,al-Bashir and the NCP were ousted in a military coup on April 11,2019. The government of Sudan was then led by the Transitional Military Council (TMC). On 20 August 2019,the TMC dissolved giving its authority over to the Transitional Sovereignty Council,who were planned to govern for 39 months until 2022,in the process of transitioning to democracy. However,the Sovereignty Council and the Sudanese government were dissolved in October 2021.
Abel Alier Kwai is a South Sudanese politician and judge who served as First Vice President of Sudan between 1971 and 1982 and as President of the High Executive Council of the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region between 1972 and 1978. Abel Alier was a politician who managed to complete his college education among many Southern Sudanese. He is an internationally respected judge,human-rights lawyer and activist on behalf of Christians in the Sudan. Former Vice President of Sudan (1971–1982),he served as the first president of the High Executive Council of Southern Sudan. He sits on the Permanent Court of International Arbitration in The Hague and is recognized as Sudan's most prominent Christian lawyer. His latest book is Southern Sudan:Too Many Agreements Dishonoured.
The Comprehensive Peace Agreement,also known as the Naivasha Agreement,was an accord signed on 9 January 2005,by the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and the Government of Sudan. The CPA was meant to end the Second Sudanese Civil War,develop democratic governance countrywide,and share oil revenues. It also set a timetable for a Southern Sudanese independence referendum.
The South Sudan People's Defence Forces (SSPDF),formerly the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA),is the army of the Republic of South Sudan. The SPLA was founded as a guerrilla movement against the government of Sudan in 1983 and was a key participant of the Second Sudanese Civil War,led by John Garang. After Garang's death in 2005,Salva Kiir was named the SPLA's new Commander-in-Chief. As of 2010,the SPLA was divided into divisions of 10,000–14,000 soldiers.
The Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North,or SPLM–N,is a political party and militant organisation in the Republic of Sudan,based in the states of Blue Nile and South Kordofan. The group's armed forces are formally known as the Sudan People's Liberation Army–North or SPLA–N. As of 2017,its two factions,SPLM-N (Agar) and SPLM-N (al-Hilu) were engaged in fighting each other and against the government of Sudan,and as of 2023,the al-Hilu faction is fighting the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF),while the leader of the Agar faction was appointed into the military-run government.
Gabriel Gatwech Chan,more commonly known by the nickname Tang-Ginye or Tanginye meaning "long pipe",was a Nuer and a commander in various primarily Nuer rebel militias in South Sudan. General Tanginye led a southern border militia allied to the Khartoum government during Sudan's civil war. Members of the Sudanese armed forces loyal to Tanginye in Malakal clashed with the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) in 2006,killing about 150 people,and in 2009 in breach of the peace deal. In April 2011,clashes between his militia and the SPLA in the state of Jonglei killed at least 57 according to government officials. Shortly thereafter,Tanginye surrendered to SPLA forces and was placed under house arrest in Juba awaiting charges against him. During the South Sudanese Civil War,he allied with the SPLA-IO and later Lam Akol's militia,a Juba linked rebel group called the National Democratic Movement (NDM) and became its chief of staff. In January 2017 he visited a NDM-allied group,the Tiger Faction New Forces,in the Hamra area in the northern Upper Nile. In course of this visit,the Tigers were attacked by SPLM-IO-affiliated fighters belonging to the militia of John Uliny,and Tanginye was killed alongside most of the Tigers.
Peter Gatdet Yak or Peter Gadet was a Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) general who became the leader of the South Sudan Liberation Army (SSLA),a rebel movement in South Sudan.
Stephen Dhieu Dau Ayik is South Sudanese politician,banker by profession,and financial technocrat. He is a proven professional and held various cabinet positions in the Government of the Republic of South Sudan. He is a senior member of Sudan’s People Liberation Movement (SPLM) and had served in various cabinet positions. Stephen Dhieu Dau was the Minister of Finance and Planning until March 2018 in the RSS. He served as Minister of Petroleum and Mining and Minister of Commerce and Industry. Stephen Dhieu Dau is from Melut County,Upper Nile State,and belongs to the Nyiel section of the Padang Dinka ethnic group. In October 2022,President Salva Kiir appointed Stephen Dhieu Dau as the chairperson of the Board of Directors of the National Revenue Authority. In December 2022,He was appointed as a member of the SPLM Political Bureau.
Paulino Matip Nhial,or Matiep Nhial,was a military leader and politician in South Sudan.
Samuel Aru Bol was a prominent politician in Southern Sudan. During the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005) he signed the Khartoum Peace Agreement of 1997 as representative for the Union of Sudan African Parties (USAP).
The South Sudan Democratic Movement (SSDM),sometimes called the South Sudan Democratic Movement/Army (SSDM/A),was a South Sudanese militant group. Along with its armed wing,the South Sudan Defence Army (SSDA),rebelled against the government of South Sudan led by President Salva Kiir Mayardit and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement.
The 2019–2022 Sudanese protests were street protests in Sudan which began in mid-September 2019,during Sudan's transition to democracy,about issues which included the nomination of a new Chief Justice and Attorney General,the killing of civilians by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF),the toxic effects of cyanide and mercury from gold mining in Northern state and South Kordofan,opposition to a state governor in el-Gadarif and to show trials of Sudanese Professionals Association (SPA) coordinators,and advocating the dismissal of previous-government officials in Red Sea,White Nile,and South Darfur. The protests follow the Sudanese Revolution's street protests and civil disobedience of the early September 2019 transfer of executive power to the country's Sovereignty Council,civilian prime minister Abdalla Hamdok,and his cabinet of ministers. Hamdok described the 39-month transition period as defined by the aims of the revolution.
Isaiah Kulang Mabor DengDak Anguany was a South Sudanese politician who was Minister for Communications,Transport and Roads and member of the People's Regional Assembly,in the capital of Juba,serving as Speaker of the House between 1979 and 1980. Kulang was a prominent member of the Southern Front by then and in the late 1980s he participated actively in founding the United Sudan African Party (USAP).
References
- ↑ The International Directory of Government 2021. Routledge. 2021-08-04. ISBN 978-1-000-52137-5.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Chang, Koang (31 October 2021). "Former Speaker Bol Chan passes away". Eye Radio.
- ↑ "Body of ex-speaker of Council of States arrives in Juba from Khartoum". Sudans Post. 2021-11-01. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
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