Journal of Cell Biology

Last updated

History

In the early 1950s, a small group of biologists began to explore intracellular anatomy using the emerging technology of electron microscopy. Many of these researchers were at The Rockefeller Institute of Medicine, the predecessor of The Rockefeller University. As their work progressed to publication, they were disappointed with the limited quality of halftone image reproduction in the printed journals of the time, and frustrated by the narrow editorial policies of existing journals regarding their image-based results. In 1954, the Director of the Rockefeller Institute, Detlev Bronk, convened a luncheon to discuss the creation of a new journal as a venue for publication of this type of work. [1]

The first issue of The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology was published less than a year later on January 25, 1955. A subscription cost $15 per year. The list of editors comprised Richard S. Bear, H. Stanley Bennett, Albert L. Lehninger, George E. Palade, Keith R. Porter, Francis O. Schmitt, Franz Schrader, and Arnold M. Seligman. The instructions to authors described the scope of the journal, "The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology is designed to provide a common medium for the publication of morphological, biophysical, and biochemical investigations on cells, their components, and their products. It will give special attention to reports on cellular organization at the colloidal and molecular levels and to studies integrating cytological information derived from various technical approaches." Recognizing that they needed a catchier title, the editors changed the name to The Journal of Cell Biology ("JCB") in 1962.

Many seminal discoveries have been published in the journal, including the first descriptions of numerous cellular functions and structures, such as the secretory pathway, [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] mitochondrial [8] [9] and chloroplast [10] DNA, microtubules, [11] [12] intermediate filaments, [13] tight junctions [14] (including occludins [15] and claudins [16] ), adherens junctions, [14] and cadherins. [17]

Key dates

Abstracting and indexing

According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 8.077, ranking it 28th out of 201 journals in the category "Cell Biology". [20]

Online access

The journal was first published online on January 13, 1997. All content was free to the public during that first year of online publication. In January 1998, all primary research content was placed under access controls, but all news and review content remained free to the public immediately after publication.

In January 2001, in response to calls from the research community to provide free access to the results of publicly funded research, the journal was one of the first to release its primary research content to the public 6 months after publication. [21]

In June 2003, all content, starting from volume 1, issue 1, was posted online and provided for free. [22]

In November 2007, in anticipation of the National Institutes of Health mandate on public access to the results of NIH-funded research, the journal began depositing all of its content in PubMed Central, where the final, published version is released to the public 6 months after publication. [23]

In July 2000, the journal was one of the first[ citation needed ] to allow authors to post the final, published pdf file of their articles on their own websites. [24] On May 1, 2008, the copyright policy was changed, allowing authors to retain copyright to their own works. At the same time, the content of the journal was opened up to use by third parties under a Creative Commons license.[ citation needed ] The only restriction on this use by third parties is that they cannot create a free mirror site within the first six months after publication.

Data integrity

Origins of image screening

In 2002, the journal adopted a completely electronic production workflow. This means that all text is submitted as electronic document files and all figures are submitted as electronic image files. While formatting figure files for an accepted manuscript, Mike Rossner, who was then the managing editor, discovered a Western blot in which the intensity of a single band had been selectively adjusted relative to the other bands. The original data were obtained from the authors, and it was evident that the manipulation affected the interpretation of the data. The editorial acceptance of the manuscript was revoked, and the journal immediately initiated a policy to screen all images in all accepted papers for evidence of image manipulation. [25]

Guidelines for handling digital images

In consultation with practicing scientists on the editorial board, guidelines were developed for handling digital images, which were first published in June 2003. [26]

Publicity about image manipulation and image screening

The journal's image screening program was publicized in an article in Nature in April 2005, entitled "CSI Cell Biology". [27] On Christmas Day, 2005, The New York Times published an article showing that image manipulation was part of the scientific fraud perpetrated by Hwang Woo-Suk and colleagues. [28] When it became apparent that the Journal of Cell Biology's screening program would have detected the image manipulation before publication, the New York Times highlighted the journal's process on the cover page of its Science Times section on January 24, 2006. [29] This raised awareness among the public and among other biomedical journals of the potential value of image screening by journal editors.

Response of National Academy of Sciences

In February 2006, the editors voiced the need for community-sanctioned standards for maintaining data integrity in a letter to United States National Academy of Sciences president Ralph Cicerone. [30] The letter, along with subsequent concerns about digital data raised by other scientific publishers, provided the impetus for a study by the Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (a joint unit of the academy, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine) to examine the issue of data integrity. The study was commissioned in May 2006.[ citation needed ]

Mike Rossner presented a talk to the Committee at an open meeting in April 2007, in which he described the experience of JCB and the other Rockefeller University Press journals in handling image manipulation. He noted that it should be the responsibility of the research community to develop standards of data integrity, but JCB had taken on this role because no such standards existed when JCB first confronted the problem in 2002.

The Committee released its report, entitled "Ensuring the Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age, in July 2009. [31] The NAS announcement specifically cited JCB for its proactive steps in establishing specific guidelines for "acceptable and unacceptable ways to alter images". The report approached the problem of data integrity from the perspective of both truth and accuracy in data acquisition and reporting, and from the perspective of accessibility of data over time. It provided no specific standards for maintaining data integrity and no recommendations for enforcing those standards once established. The report reached the broad conclusion that "researchers themselves are responsible for ensuring the integrity of their research data".

Technical innovations

The RGB standard

JCB was the first journal to adopt the "RGB Standard" for reproduction of color images. To maximize the quality of color image reproduction, JCB declared in January 2004 [32] that the online version of the journal is the "journal of record", and images would be reproduced online using authors' files in the same color scheme (Red, Green, Blue) in which they are acquired by digital cameras, and which is used to display them on a computer monitor.

Previously, authors were asked to convert their RGB files to the CMYK color scheme necessary for printing on paper, which results in a substantial loss of image luster. Those CMYK files were then converted back to RGB by the publisher to post online, resulting in a second round of alteration to the original colors. The advent of the RGB workflow allowed colors to be displayed in the online publication exactly as they appeared in the authors' original files.

The JCB DataViewer

On December 1, 2008, the JCB launched the JCB DataViewer – the first browser-based application for viewing original, multi-dimensional image data. [33] This application was built in conjunction with Glencoe Software [34] using a data management engine based on the OMERO software developed by the Open Microscopy Environment. [35] Glencoe Software also developed a "Rollup" application for uploading original image files to the DataViewer. The DataViewer supports numerous proprietary files types from various microscopes and gel documentation systems. [36]

This revolutionary application allows JCB authors to present multidimensional image data as they were acquired, giving them the opportunity to share data that were not possible to share previously. JCB readers get to see original data supporting a published paper, and they can interact with those data by scrolling through a z stack or a stack of time-lapse images. Users can select individual channels to view or view all channels separately on the same screen. They can also produce line plots of pixel intensities along any horizontal or vertical axis.

An update to the software in August 2012 allows the user to smoothly transition from 1 millimeter to 1 micrometer magnification of images assembled from optical and electron microscopes. As an example, they provide a complete image of a zebrafish embryo. [37] [38]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electron microscope</span> Type of microscope with electrons as a source of illumination

An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination. They use electron optics that are analogous to the glass lenses of an optical light microscope to control the electron beam, for instance focusing them to produce magnified images or electron diffraction patterns. As the wavelength of an electron can be up to 100,000 times smaller than that of visible light, electron microscopes have a much higher resolution of about 0.1 nm, which compares to about 200 nm for light microscopes. Electron microscope may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George Emil Palade</span> Romanian cell biologist, physicist and Nobel laureate

George Emil Palade was a Romanian-American cell biologist. Described as "the most influential cell biologist ever", in 1974 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine along with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve. The prize was granted for his innovations in electron microscopy and cell fractionation which together laid the foundations of modern molecular cell biology, the most notable discovery being the ribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum – which he first described in 1955.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christian de Duve</span> Belgian biochemist and cytologist (1917–2013)

Christian René Marie Joseph, Viscount de Duve was a Nobel Prize-winning Belgian cytologist and biochemist. He made serendipitous discoveries of two cell organelles, peroxisome and lysosome, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with Albert Claude and George E. Palade. In addition to peroxisome and lysosome, he invented scientific names such as autophagy, endocytosis, and exocytosis in a single occasion.

Weibel–Palade bodies (WPBs) are the storage granules of endothelial cells, the cells that form the inner lining of the blood vessels and heart. They manufacture, store and release two principal molecules, von Willebrand factor and P-selectin, and thus play a dual role in hemostasis and inflammation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Albert Claude</span> Belgian-American cell biologist (1899–1983)

Albert Claude was a Belgian-American cell biologist and medical doctor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with Christian de Duve and George Emil Palade. His elementary education started in a comprehensive primary school at Longlier, his birthplace. He served in the British Intelligence Service during the First World War, and got imprisoned in concentration camps twice. In recognition of his service, he was granted enrolment at the University of Liège in Belgium to study medicine without any formal education required for the course. He earned his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1928. Devoted to medical research, he initially joined German institutes in Berlin. In 1929 he found an opportunity to join the Rockefeller Institute in New York. At Rockefeller University he made his most groundbreaking achievements in cell biology. In 1930 he developed the technique of cell fractionation, by which he discovered the agent of the Rous sarcoma, components of cell organelles such as mitochondrion, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosome and lysosome. He was the first to employ the electron microscope in the field of biology. In 1945 he published the first detailed structure of cell. His collective works established the complex functional and structural properties of cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Synapse</span> Structure connecting neurons in the nervous system

In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Keith R. Porter</span> Canadian-American cell biologist (1912–1997)

Keith Roberts Porter was a Canadian-American cell biologist. He created pioneering biology techniques and research using electron microscopy of cells. Porter also contributed to the development of other experimental methods for cell culture and nuclear transplantation. He was also responsible for naming the endoplasmic reticulum, conducting work on the 9 + 2 microtubule structure in the axoneme of cilia, and coining the term "microtrabecular lattice." In collaborations with other scientists, he contributed to the understanding of cellular structures and concepts such as compartmentalization, flagella, centrioles, fibrin, collagen, T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum. He also introduced microtome cutting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occludin</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Occludin is a transmembrane protein that regulates the permeability of epithelial and endothelial barriers. It was first identified in epithelial cells as a 65 kDa integral plasma-membrane protein localized at the tight junctions. Together with Claudins, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin has been considered a staple of tight junctions, and although it was shown to regulate the formation, maintenance, and function of tight junctions, its precise mechanism of action remained elusive and most of its actions were initially attributed to conformational changes following selective phosphorylation, and its redox-sensitive dimerization. However, mounting evidence demonstrated that occludin is not only present in epithelial/endothelial cells, but is also expressed in large quantities in cells that do not have tight junctions but have very active metabolism: pericytes, neurons and astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages lymphocytes, and myocardium. Recent work, using molecular modeling, supported by biochemical and live-cell experiments in human cells demonstrated that occludin is a NADH oxidase that influences critical aspects of cell metabolism like glucose uptake, ATP production and gene expression. Furthermore, manipulation of occludin content in human cells is capable of influencing the expression of glucose transporters, and the activation of transcription factors like NFkB, and histone deacetylases like sirtuins, which proved capable of diminishing HIV replication rates in infected human macrophages under laboratory conditions.

Jason Swedlow is an American-born cell biologist and light microscopist who is Professor of Quantitative Cell Biology at the School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Scotland. He is a co-founder of the Open Microscopy Environment and Glencoe Software. In 2021, he joined Wellcome Leap as a Program Director.

The Rockefeller University Press (RUP) is a department of Rockefeller University.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tight junction protein 1</span> Protein found in humans

Zonula occludens-1 ZO-1, also known as Tight junction protein-1 is a 220-kD peripheral membrane protein that is encoded by the TJP1 gene in humans. It belongs to the family of zonula occludens proteins, which are tight junction-associated proteins and of which, ZO-1 is the first to be cloned. It was first isolated in 1986 by Stevenson and Goodenough using a monoclonal antibody raised in rodent liver to recognise a 225-kD polypeptide in whole liver homogenates and in tight junction-enriched membrane fractions. It has a role as a scaffold protein which cross-links and anchors Tight Junction (TJ) strand proteins, which are fibril-like structures within the lipid bilayer, to the actin cytoskeleton.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ACTR3</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Actin-related protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTR3 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Afadin</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Afadin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AFDN gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BUB1B</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB1 beta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the BUB1B gene. Also known as BubR1, this protein is recognized for its mitotic roles in the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and kinetochore-microtubule interactions that facilitate chromosome migration and alignment. BubR1 promotes mitotic fidelity and protects against aneuploidy by ensuring proper chromosome segregation between daughter cells. BubR1 is proposed to prevent tumorigenesis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AP1G1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

AP-1 complex subunit gamma-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AP1G1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dynactin</span>

Dynactin is a 23 subunit protein complex that acts as a co-factor for the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein-1. It is built around a short filament of actin related protein-1 (Arp1).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STX10</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Syntaxin-10 (STX10) is a SNARE protein that is encoded by the STX10 gene. This protein is found in most vertebrates but is noticeably absent from mice. As with other SNARE proteins, STX10 facilitates vesicle fusion and thus is important for intracellular trafficking of proteins and other cellular components. More specifically, STX10 has been implicated in endosome to Golgi trafficking of the mannose 6-phosphate receptor and glucose transporter type 4.

Alex Benjamin Novikoff was a Russian Empire-born American biologist who is recognized for his pioneering works in the discoveries of cell organelles. A victim of American Cold War antagonism to communism that he supported, he is also recognized as a public figure of the mid-20th century at the height of McCarthyism in America. As his original discoveries such as cell organelles and autophagy earned other scientists Nobel Prizes, he is regarded as one of the overlooked scientists to get Nobel Prize.

Philip Siekevitz was an American cell biologist who spent most of his career at Rockefeller University. He was involved in early studies of protein synthesis and trafficking, established purification techniques to facilitate study of the cell nucleus, worked with Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner George Palade on cell membrane dynamics, and published extensively on the subject of postsynaptic density.

Victoria Sanz Moreno is a Spanish scientist. She is professor of cancer cell and metastasis biology at The Institute of Cancer Research.

References

  1. ↑ "Introduction: recollections on the beginnings of the Journal of Cell Biology". Jcb.rupress.org. December 1, 1981. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  2. ↑ Siekevitz, Philip; Palade, George E. (September 25, 1958). "A Cytochemical Study on the Pancreas of the Guinea Pig". The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology. 4 (5): 557–566. doi: 10.1083/jcb.4.5.557 . PMC   2224556 . PMID   13587549.
  3. ↑ Siekevitz, Philip; Palade, George E. (July 1, 1960). "A Cytochemical Study on the Pancreas of the Guinea Pig". The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology. 7 (4): 619–630. doi: 10.1083/jcb.7.4.619 . PMC   2224887 . PMID   14446510.
  4. ↑ Caro, Lucien G.; Palade, George E. (March 1, 1964). "Protein Synthesis, Storage, and Discharge in the Pancreatic Exocrine Cell". The Journal of Cell Biology. 20 (3): 473–495. doi: 10.1083/jcb.20.3.473 . PMC   2106415 . PMID   14128049.
  5. ↑ Jamieson, James D.; Palade, George E. (August 1, 1967). "Intracellular Transport of Secretory Proteins in the Pancreatic Exocrine Cell". The Journal of Cell Biology. 34 (2): 577–596. doi: 10.1083/jcb.34.2.577 . PMC   2107305 . PMID   6035647.
  6. ↑ Jamieson, James D.; Palade, George E. (August 1, 1967). "Intracellular Transport of Secretory Proteins in the Pancreatic Exocrine Cell". The Journal of Cell Biology. 34 (2): 597–615. doi: 10.1083/jcb.34.2.597 . PMC   2107311 . PMID   6035648.
  7. ↑ Jamieson, James D.; Palade, George E. (July 1, 1971). "Synthesis, Intracellular Transport, and Discharge of Secretory Proteins in Stimulated Pancreatic Exocrine Cells". The Journal of Cell Biology. 50 (1): 135–158. doi: 10.1083/jcb.50.1.135 . PMC   2108418 . PMID   4327462.
  8. ↑ Nass, Margit M. K.; Nass, Sylvan (December 1, 1963). "Intramitochondrial Fibers with DNA Characteristics". The Journal of Cell Biology. 19 (3): 593–611. doi: 10.1083/jcb.19.3.593 . PMC   2106331 . PMID   14086138.
  9. ↑ Nass, Sylvan; Nass, Margit M. K. (December 1, 1963). "Intramitochondrial Fibers with DNA Characteristics". The Journal of Cell Biology. 19 (3): 613–629. doi: 10.1083/jcb.19.3.613 . PMC   2106332 . PMID   14086139.
  10. ↑ Hans Ris; Walter Plaut (June 1, 1962). "Ultrastructure Of Dna-Containing Areas In The Chloroplast Of Chlamydomonas". The Journal of Cell Biology. Jcb.rupress.org. 13 (3): 383–391. doi:10.1083/jcb.13.3.383. PMC   2106071 . PMID   14492436.
  11. ↑ Slautterback, David B. (August 1, 1963). "Cytoplasmic Microtubules". The Journal of Cell Biology. 18 (2): 367–388. doi: 10.1083/jcb.18.2.367 . PMC   2106295 . PMID   14079495.
  12. ↑ Ledbetter, M. C.; Porter, K. R. (October 1, 1963). "A "Microtubule" in Plant Cell Fine Structure". The Journal of Cell Biology. 19 (1): 239–250. doi: 10.1083/jcb.19.1.239 . PMC   2106853 . PMID   19866635.
  13. ↑ H. Ishikawa; R. Bischoff; H. Holtzer (September 1, 1968). "Mitosis And Intermediate-Sized Filaments In Developing Skeletal Muscle". The Journal of Cell Biology. Jcb.rupress.org. 38 (3): 538–555. doi:10.1083/jcb.38.3.538. PMC   2108373 . PMID   5664223.
  14. 1 2 Marilyn G. Farquhar; George E. Palade (May 1, 1963). "Junctional Complexes In Various Epithelia". The Journal of Cell Biology. Jcb.rupress.org. 17 (2): 375–412. doi:10.1083/jcb.17.2.375. PMC   2106201 . PMID   13944428.
  15. ↑ Furuse, M. (December 15, 1993). "Occludin: a novel integral membrane protein localizing at tight junctions". The Journal of Cell Biology. Jcb.rupress.org. 123 (6): 1777–1788. doi:10.1083/jcb.123.6.1777. PMC   2290891 . PMID   8276896.
  16. ↑ Furuse, Mikio; Fujita, Kohji; Hiiragi, Takashi; Fujimoto, Kazushi; Tsukita, Shoichiro (June 29, 1998). "Claudin-1 and −2: Novel Integral Membrane Proteins Localizing at Tight Junctions with No Sequence Similarity to Occludin". The Journal of Cell Biology. Jcb.rupress.org. 141 (7): 1539–1550. doi:10.1083/jcb.141.7.1539. PMC   2132999 . PMID   9647647.
  17. ↑ M Takeichi (November 1, 1977). "Functional correlation between cell adhesive properties and some cell surface proteins". The Journal of Cell Biology. Jcb.rupress.org. 75 (2): 464–474. doi: 10.1083/jcb.75.2.464 . PMC   2109947 . PMID   264120.
  18. ↑ "Tribute to Alan Hall". The Journal of Cell Biology. 209 (4): 475–479. 2015. doi:10.1083/jcb.201505051. PMC   4442820 . PMID   25979980.
  19. ↑ "Jodi Nunnari Named Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Cell Biology | Newswise: News for Journalists".
  20. ↑ "Journals Ranked by Impact: Cell Biology". 2021 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate. 2022.
  21. ↑ Ira Mellman (July 9, 2001). "Cell biology's journal gets a new look". The Journal of Cell Biology. Rockefeller University Press. 154: 9. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200106064 . PMC   2196869 .
  22. ↑ Ira Mellman (April 5, 2004). "Providing realistic access". The Journal of Cell Biology. Rockefeller University Press. 165: 19–20. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200403076 . PMC   2172098 .
  23. ↑ Emma Hill (October 1, 2007). "JCB content automatically deposited in PubMed Central (PMC)". The Journal of Cell Biology. Rockefeller University Press. 179 (1): 9. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200708190 . PMC   2064724 .
  24. ↑ Emma Hill; Mike Rossner (April 30, 2008). "You wrote it; you own it!". The Journal of Cell Biology. Rockefeller University Press. 181 (3): 405–406. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200804037 . PMC   2364694 . PMID   18450642.
  25. ↑ Mike Rossner (September 30, 2002). "Figure manipulation". The Journal of Cell Biology. Rockefeller University Press. 158 (7): 1151. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200209084 . PMC   2173234 .
  26. ↑ Mike Rossner (June 9, 2003). "The JCB 2003". The Journal of Cell Biology. Rockefeller University Press. 161 (5): 837–838. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200305023 . PMC   2172958 .
  27. ↑ Pearson, Helen (April 20, 2005). "Access : Image manipulation: CSI: cell biology". Nature. 434 (7036): 952–953. doi: 10.1038/434952a . PMID   15846316.
  28. ↑ "Clone Scientist Relied on Peers and Korean Pride". The New York Times. July 7, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  29. ↑ Wade, Nicholas (January 24, 2006). "It May Look Authentic; Here's How to Tell It Isn't – New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  30. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Letter to. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2009.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  31. ↑ "Newsroom". National-Academies.org. July 22, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  32. ↑ Mike Rossner 1 and Rob O'Donnell 2 (January 5, 2004). "The JCB will let your data shine in RGB". The Journal of Cell Biology. Jcb.rupress.org. 164 (1): 11–13. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200312069 . PMC   2171972 . PMID   18172955.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  33. ↑ Emma Hill (December 3, 2008). "Announcing the JCB DataViewer, a browser-based application for viewing original image files". The Journal of Cell Biology. Jcb.rupress.org. 183 (6): 969–970. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200811132 . PMC   2600755 .
  34. ↑ "Glencoe Software". Glencoe Software. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  35. ↑ "The Open Microscopy Environment – OME". Openmicroscopy.org. October 7, 2011. Archived from the original on July 3, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  36. ↑ "JCBDataViewer – Supported File Types". Jcb-dataviewer.rupress.org. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  37. ↑ Williams, Elizabeth H.; Carpentier, Pamela; Misteli, Tom (2012). "The JCB Data Viewer scales up". The Journal of Cell Biology. 198 (3): 271–272. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201207117 . PMC   3413368 . PMID   22869591.
  38. ↑ Faas, Frank G.A.; Avramut, M. Cristina; m. Van Den Berg, Bernard; Mommaas, A. Mieke; Koster, Abraham J.; Ravelli, Raimond B.G. (2012). "Virtual nanoscopy: Generation of ultra-large high resolution electron microscopy maps". The Journal of Cell Biology. 198 (3): 457–469. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201201140 . PMC   3413355 . PMID   22869601.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.