Judges 12

Judges 12
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The pages containing the Book of Judges in Leningrad Codex (1008 CE).
Book	Book of Judges
Hebrew Bible part	Nevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part	2
Category	Former Prophets
Christian Bible part	Old Testament (Heptateuch)
Order in the Christian part	7

Judges 12 is the twelfth chapter of the Book of Judges in the Old Testament or the Hebrew Bible. ^[1] According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, ^{[2] [3]} but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans in the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. ^{[3] [4]} This chapter records the activities of judges Jephthah, Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon. ^[5] belonging to a section comprising Judges 6:1 to 16:31. ^[6]

Text

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 15 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). ^[7]

Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^A; 5th century). ^{[8] [lower-alpha 1]}

Analysis

A linguistic study by Chisholm reveals that the central part in the Book of Judges (Judges 3:7–16:31) can be divided into two panels based on the six refrains that state that the Israelites did evil in Yahweh's eyes: ^[10]

Panel One

A 3:7 ויעשו בני ישראל את הרע בעיני יהוה

And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD (KJV) ^[11]

B 3:12 ויספו בני ישראל לעשות הרע בעיני יהוה

And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD

B 4:1 ויספו בני ישראל לעשות הרע בעיני יהוה

And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD

Panel Two

A 6:1 ויעשו בני ישראל הרע בעיני יהוה

And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD

B 10:6 ויספו בני ישראל לעשות הרע בעיני יהוה

And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD

B 13:1 ויספו בני ישראל לעשות הרע בעיני יהוה

And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD

Furthermore from the linguistic evidence, the verbs used to describe the Lord's response to Israel's sin have chiastic patterns and can be grouped to fit the division above: ^[12]

Panel One

3:8 וימכרם, "and he sold them," from the root מָכַר, makar

3:12 ויחזק, "and he strengthened," from the root חָזַק, khazaq

4:2 וימכרם, "and he sold them," from the root מָכַר, makar

Panel Two

6:1 ויתנם, "and he gave them," from the root נָתַן, nathan

10:7 וימכרם, "and he sold them," from the root מָכַר, makar

13:1 ויתנם, "and he gave them," from the root נָתַן, nathan

This chapter contains the Jephthah's Narrative, which can be divided into 5 episodes, each with a distinct dialogue, as follows: ^{[13] [14]}

Episodes in Jephthah's Narrative

Episode	Verses	Dialogue	Verses
A.	10:6–16	Israel and Yahweh	10–15
B. The Ammonite threat	10:17–11:11	The elders and Jephthah	5–11
C.	11:12–28	Jephthah and the Ammonite king	12–28
B'. The Ammonite defeat	11:29–40	Jephthah and his daughter	34–38
A'.	12:1–7	Jephthah and the Ephraimites	1–4a

Jephthah and the Ephraimites (12:1–7)

This section contains the fifth (the final) episode in the Jephthah Narrative. ^{[13] [14]} As with Gideon in Judges 8:1–3, the Ephraimites complained that they had not been asked to join in the battle (so they could also enjoy the spoils), but this time it ended in a civil war, which the Gileadites, unified by Jephthah, had upperhand. ^[5] The Gileadites used the pronunciation of the Hebrew word " Shibboleth " to distinguish the Ephraimites, so they could kill them. ^[15]

Ibzan (12:8–10)

Jephthah was succeeded by Ibzan as the judge of Israel for seven years. He had thirty sons and thirty daughters, and when he died, he was buried in his native town, "Bethlehem", which is not followed by "Ephratah" or by "Judah" so it could be the Bethlehem in the territory of Zebulun (Joshua 19:15). ^[16]

Elon (12:11–12)

Ibzan was succeeded by the tenth judge, Elon, who was given very few statistics and with no historical exploits, other than he was from the tribe of Zebulun, succeeded Ibzan to judge Israel for ten years. When he died, he was buried in Aijalon in the territory of Zebulun. ^[17]

Abdon (12:13–15)

Elon was succeeded by Abdon, the son of Hillel, a Pirathonite, of the tribe of Ephraim, who had forty sons and thirty grandsons, and judged Israel for eight years, restoring order in the central area of Israel in the aftermath of the civil war involving Jephthah and the Gileadites. ^[18]

See also

• Aijalon
• Amalekites
• Ammonites
• Bethlehem
• Children of Israel
• Gileadites
• Hillel
• Jordan River
• Pirathon
• Shibboleth
• Tribe of Ephraim
• Tribe of Manasseh
• Tribe of Zebulun

• Related Bible parts: Judges 10, Judges 11

Notes

1. The whole book of Judges is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus. ^[9]

References

1. Halley 1965, p. 173.
2. Talmud, Baba Bathra 14b-15a)
3. Gilad, Elon. Who Really Wrote the Biblical Books of Kings and the Prophets? Haaretz, June 25, 2015. Summary: The paean to King Josiah and exalted descriptions of the ancient Israelite empires beg the thought that he and his scribes lie behind the Deuteronomistic History.
4. Niditch 2007, p. 177.
5. Niditch 2007, p. 185.
6. Chisholm 2009, pp. 251–252.
7. Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
8. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
9.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company.
10. Chisholm 2009, p. 251.
11. Judges 3:7 Hebrew Text Analysis. Biblehub
12. Chisholm 2009, p. 252.
13. Webb 2012, p. 302.
14. Younger 2002, p. 241.
15. Richard Hess; Daniel I. Block; Dale W. Manor (12 January 2016). Joshua, Judges, and Ruth. Zondervan. p. 352. ISBN   978-0-310-52759-6.
16. Hirsch, Emil G.; Seligsohn, M. "Ibzan". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906.
17. Jastrow, Morris, Jr.; Mendelsohn, Charles J.; Barton, George A. "Elon". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906.
18. McCurdy, J. Frederic. "Abdon". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906.

Sources

• Chisholm, Robert B. Jr. (2009). "The Chronology of the Book of Judges: A Linguistic Clue to Solving a Pesky Problem" (PDF). Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. 52 (2): 247–55.
• Coogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-528881-0.
• Halley, Henry H. (1965). Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN   0-310-25720-4.
• Hayes, Christine (2015). Introduction to the Bible. Yale University Press. ISBN   978-0-300-18827-1.
• Niditch, Susan (2007). "10. Judges". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 176–191. ISBN   978-0-19-927718-6 . Retrieved February 6, 2019.
• Webb, Barry G. (2012). The Book of Judges. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN   978-0-8028-2628-2.
• Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN   0-8028-0788-7 . Retrieved January 26, 2019.
• Younger, K. Lawson (2002). Judges and Ruth. The NIV Application Commentary. Zondervan. ISBN   978-0-310-20636-1.

External links

• Jewish translations:
  • Shoftim - Judges - Chapter 12 (Judaica Press). Hebrew text and English translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
• Christian translations:
  • Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
  • Judges chapter 12. Bible Gateway