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Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies seen as originating from conflicts in the psyche, through dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst, and the distinctive theory of mind and human agency derived from it.
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Femininity is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles generally associated with women and girls. Femininity can be understood as socially constructed, and there is also some evidence that some behaviors considered feminine are influenced by both cultural factors and biological factors. To what extent femininity is biologically or socially influenced is subject to debate. It is conceptually distinct from both the female biological sex and from womanhood, as all humans can exhibit feminine and masculine traits, regardless of sex and gender.
Gender expression, or gender presentation, is a person's behavior, mannerisms, and appearance that are socially associated with gender, namely femininity or masculinity. Gender expression can also be defined as the external manifestation of one's gender identity through behavior, clothing, hairstyles, voice, or body characteristics. Typically, people think about a person's gender expression in terms of masculinity and femininity, but there are many ways to mix both feminine and masculine in identity. A person's gender expression may or may not match their assigned sex at birth. This includes gender roles, and accordingly relies on cultural stereotypes about gender. It is distinct from gender identity.
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Naomi Ruth Goldenberg is a professor at the University of Ottawa. Her regular undergraduate courses include Gender and Religion, Women and Religions, Psychology of Religion and Method and Theory in the Study of Religion. Goldenberg is best known for her work in the areas of Feminist Theory and Religion, Gender and Religion, as well as the Psychoanalytic Theory and Political Theory of Religion. She is one of the early members of the Women's Caucus at the American Academy of Religion and Society of Biblical Literature and continues to work on and support scholarship in areas of religion and feminism, psychoanalytic theory, women's issues, gender. Currently, Goldenberg is writing about understanding religions as vestigial states. Her theory demystifies religion in order to continue the feminist critique she articulated in her earlier work.
References
- 1 2 "partings.html". www.dept.psu.edu. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
- ↑ Van Herik, Judith. Religion as renunciation and fulfilment: Freud's theories of religion and gender. OCLC 7432372.
- ↑ "Judith Van Herik". wsrp.hds.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
- 1 2 Toews, John E. (1985). van Herik, Judith (ed.). "Renunciatory Culture and the Renunciation of Culture: Gender Asymmetry and Gender Perspective in Freud's Critique of Religion". The Journal of Religion. 65 (1): 89–97. doi:10.1086/487183. ISSN 0022-4189. JSTOR 1203272. S2CID 146787545.
- ↑ Soble, Alan (1987). "Review of Freud on Femininity and Faith". International Journal for Philosophy of Religion. 22 (1/2): 99–102. ISSN 0020-7047. JSTOR 40036410.
- ↑ Fuller, Andrew R. (November 27, 2007). Psychology and Religion : Classical Theorists and Contemporary Developments (4th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-6022-2. OCLC 987705302.
- ↑ Abel, Elizabeth (1984). "Review of The Daughter's Seduction: Feminism and Psychoanalysis; Freud on Femininity and Faith". Signs. 10 (1): 152–156. doi:10.1086/494123. ISSN 0097-9740. JSTOR 3174246.
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