Julia Lockheart is a British artist and university academic. Her artistic practice concerns the depiction of dreams in artworks that then enable the sharing of the dream with others.[2] This has led to research on the relationship of sharing dreams to empathy.[9] Her other research strand focuses on writing in art and design,for which she is the co-founder and Director of the Writing-PAD network[8] and co-founder and co-editor of the Journal of Writing in Creative Practice (published by Intellect Books).[3][10]
In 2018,Lockheart published an important academic paper,"The importance of writing as a material practice for art and design students:A contemporary rereading of the Coldstream Reports".[11]
William Coldstream was an English realistpainter and art teacher,and from 1959 he was Chairman of the National Advisory Council on Art Education. In 1960,the council published its first report,named after Coldstream,which proposed and set out requirements for a new Diploma in Art and Design (Dip.A.D.),such as written essays and written examinations,and "helped to change the structure of art school teaching in Britain".[11][12]
According to the study carried out by Lockheart,and her own experience as a practitioner or studio artist –rather than a theorist –however,the recommendation of academic writing for practitioners contained in the Coldstream Reports were misread and,as a result,strong and –according to Lockheart,unfounded –beliefs were formed among academics and those in managerial positions throughout the Higher Education (HE) sector.[11]
Lockheart posits that "upholding these institutional assumptions may have an impact on how writing is used as a component of examination and therefore aligned with the need for academic parity across the HE sector,rather than as a tool for understanding and articulating practice."[11] "As a result," she continues,"this article calls for the reinstatement of a unified HE art and design curriculum to be filled with a diversity of pedagogical [teaching] approaches,including writing practices,that are complementary to and inform the purposes of creative practice."[11]
As a result of this controversial mis-reading of the first report and a later report published in 1970,in 1970 "the Department of Education and Science ... recommended the humanities style academic thesis or dissertation as a part of the move from the [old] Diploma in Design to ..." the new Diploma in Art and Design (Dip.A.D.),and these mis-readings have "caused writing to be used as an examinable measure rather than as a tool for learning",to its detriment.[11]
Academic literacies
In a paper co-written with G. Melles in 2012,titled "Writing PAD:Writing purposefully in art and design:Responding to converging and diverging new academic literacies",[13] Lockheart argues that while academic literacies and writing practices are well-established in older,traditional academic disciplines,more recent disciplines such as art and design have been forced to adopt these existing academic practices or to justify their own distinctive practices,and this has been a contentious issue in the discipline of art and design (which includes diverse fields,each with their differences and their own requirements,such as fine art,graphic design and fashion design).[13]
It is in this spirit that Lockheart teaches Contextual Practice,and primarily for this reason that she co-founded an academic network,Writing-PAD,to provide a platform for these new ideas and practices (see below).[11]
Writing-PAD and Journal of Writing in Creative Practice
Lockheart is also director and co-ordinator of Writing-PAD –short for Writing Purposefully in Art and Design[13] –an online academic and research network connecting over 100 institutions.[3]
Writing-PAD grew out of Lockheart's interest in a correct interpretation and implementation of the Coldsteam Reports and in academic literacies,and was specifically set-up "to support and disseminate the range of genres associated with writing in art and design;"[13] and also "to promote discussion about the necessary balance of consensus and dissensus that art and design fields require to remain vibrant."[13]
Lockheart is also co-editor of the Journal of Writing in Creative Practice,which she co-founded with Goldsmiths' EmeritusProfessor and University of Wales Trinity Saint David's Professor of Practice,John Wood.[7][5][8][10] The JWCP,too,grew out of the contentious re-reading of the Coldstream Reports,and also out of the Writing-PAD international network,and is its "published voice"[7][5][8][10] –as did the later project "DreamsID" (see below).
DreamsID
Interpretation of a dream of being attacked.
DreamsID (short for "Dreams Illustrated and Discussed" or "Dreams Interpreted and Drawn") is a practical,collaborative project between Lockheart and research psychologist,Professor Mark Blagrove.[4][6]
They hold 60 –90 minute sessions with the dream subject and an invited audience,and while the subject shares their dream,with Blagrove helping to facilitate and visualize the dream narrative,Lockheart draws and paints the dream,in real-time,on a torn-out page from Sigmund Freud's book,The Interpretation of Dreams,to create "a tapestry of elements,plot,metaphoric imagery,and Freud's words."[2] This follows a Dadaist and Surrealist performance aesthetic (Lockheart et al.,2021).[14] Then,later in the session,the audience is invited to join in the discussion,referencing the dream to waking life,according to the method devised by psychiatristMontague Ullman.[2][4][6][9]
Interpretation of a dream of flying.
In the course of the sessions,Lockheart and Blagrove began to notice that the sharing of the dreams and the discussions were having an effect not only on them but on some of the audience,and that the sessions were invoking empathy toward the subjects sharing their dreams. As a result of this,the collaborators went on to co-author an important scientific paper,"Testing the Empathy Theory of Dreaming:The Relationships Between Dream Sharing and Trait and State Empathy",which was later published in Frontiers in Psychology.[2][9]
In April 2019,the BBC World Service Television programme CrowdScience broadcast a segment in which Lockheart is shown painting as a candidate shares her dream.[1]
In April 2020,Lockheart's artwork was featured in a New Scientist article on how the COVID-19 pandemic was affecting people's dreams.[15]
In October 2020 and January 2021,Lockheart and Blagrove[16][14] held online events to commemorate the 120th anniversaries of Sigmund Freud's patient Dora telling two dreams to Freud. The first dream was of being rescued from a burning house by her father,the second was of travelling to her father's funeral.[17] The aim of the events was to discuss with expert panel and worldwide audience how Dora’s two dreams could be related to her distressing family circumstances.[16][18] The two dreams were painted by Lockheart during the discussions.[16]
In June 2023 Blagrove and Lockheart held an event at the C. G. Jung Institute,Zürich,in Küsnacht,Switzerland,[19] as part of the conference marking the 75th anniversary of the founding of the Institute.[20] A dream of an attendee was painted by Lockheart during the event.[21]
In recognition of the Dadaist influence on the DreamsID collaboration,in July 2023 Blagrove and Lockheart held an event at the Cabaret Voltaire,Zürich.[22] Cabaret Voltaire was the birthplace of Dadaism in 1916.[23] A dream of an attendee was painted by Lockheart during the event.[24] The painting of the dream from the Cabaret Voltaire event and a film made of that event[25] were included in an article in 2024 in Psyche magazine,on the science of dreaming,empathy and group bonding.[26] Two other paintings of dreams by Lockheart were also included in the article.[26]
Paintings of Dora's dreams by Julia Lockheart
Painting of the first dream, of rescue from a burning house, that Dora told Freud in 1900.
Painting of the second dream, of travelling to father's funeral, that Dora told Freud in 1900.
Drew, L., ed. (2008). The Student Experience in Art and Design Higher Education: drivers for change. Cambridge: Jill Rogers Associates. ISBN978-0-9547111-7-7. Lockheart, J., Gamble, M., Miller, J., Fisher, G., and Henderson, D. (2008), "Practice-based learning and teaching: a real world experience?"
Blagrove, M.; Carr, M.; Jones, A.; Lockheart, J. (2018). "A New Theory of Dream Function: Telling Dreams Enhances Empathy towards the Dreamer". International Journal of Dream Research. 11 (Supplement 1): S55. Retrieved 24 April 2020. Paper on the benefits of sharing dreams, given at the 35th annual conference of the International Association for the Study of Dreams, Scottsdale, Arizona, 16–20 June 2018.
Blagrove, M.; Hale, S.; Lockheart, J.; Carr, M.; Jones, A. (2018). "The Relationship between Reading Fictional Novels, Dream Telling, Attitude to Dreams and Empathy". International Journal of Dream Research. 11 (Supplement 1): S65. Retrieved 24 April 2020. Paper given at the 35th annual conference of the International Association for the Study of Dreams, Scottsdale, Arizona, 16–20 June 2018.
Lockheart, J.; Raein, M. (2012). "No one expects the Design Inquisition: Searching for a metaphorical solution to thinking, researching and writing through Design". Journal of Writing in Creative Practice. Intellect Books (Europe), University of Chicago Press (USA). 5 (2): 275–289. doi:10.1386/jwcp.5.2.275_1. ISSN1753-5190. Online ISSN1753-5204.
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies seen as originating from conflicts in the psyche, through dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst, and the distinctive theory of mind and human agency derived from it.
Dream interpretation is the process of assigning meaning to dreams.
Psychoanalytic theory is the theory of personality organization and the dynamics of personality development relating to the practice of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology. First laid out by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century, psychoanalytic theory has undergone many refinements since his work. The psychoanalytic theory came to full prominence in the last third of the twentieth century as part of the flow of critical discourse regarding psychological treatments after the 1960s, long after Freud's death in 1939. Freud had ceased his analysis of the brain and his physiological studies and shifted his focus to the study of the psyche, and on treatment using free association and the phenomena of transference. His study emphasized the recognition of childhood events that could influence the mental functioning of adults. His examination of the genetic and then the developmental aspects gave the psychoanalytic theory its characteristics. Starting with his publication of The Interpretation of Dreams in 1899, his theories began to gain prominence.
Goldsmiths, University of London, legally the Goldsmiths' College, is a constituent research university of the University of London. It was originally founded in 1891 as The Goldsmiths' Technical and Recreative Institute by the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths in New Cross, London. It was renamed Goldsmiths' College after being acquired by the University of London in 1904, and specialises in the arts, design, computing, humanities and social sciences. The main building on campus, known as the Richard Hoggart Building, was originally opened in 1792 and is the site of the former Royal Naval School.
Cabaret Voltaire was the name of a short-lived artistic nightclub in Zürich, Switzerland in 1916. It was founded by Hugo Ball, with his companion Emmy Hennings, in the back room of Holländische Meierei, Spiegelgasse 1, on February 5, 1916, as a cabaret for artistic and political purposes. Other founding members were Marcel Janco, Richard Huelsenbeck, Tristan Tzara, and Sophie Taeuber-Arp and Jean Arp.
Dream art is any form of art that is directly based on a material from one's dreams, or a material that resembles dreams, but not directly based on them.
The UCL Slade School of Fine Art is the art school of University College London (UCL) and is based in London, England. It has been ranked as the UK's top art and design educational institution. The school is organised as a department of UCL's Faculty of Arts and Humanities.
LASALLE College of the Arts, simply known as LASALLE, is a publicly-funded post-secondary arts institution in Singapore, and a constituent college of the University of the Arts Singapore (UAS) from 2024.
Stephen William Mallinder is an English artist and musician who was a founding member of Cabaret Voltaire, and went on to work as Sassi & Loco, the Ku-Ling Bros., Hey, Rube!, Wrangler, and Creep Show.
Dream sharing is the process of documenting or discussing both night and daydreams with others. Dreams are novel but realistic simulations of waking social life. One of the primary purposes of sharing dreams is entertainment.
Sir Lawrence Burnett Gowing was an English artist, writer, curator and teacher. Initially recognised as a portrait and landscape painter, he quickly rose to prominence as an art educator, writer, and eventually, curator and museum trustee. He was described as a prominent member of the "English Establishment". As a student of art history he was largely self-taught.
Red Mecca is the third studio album by English industrial band Cabaret Voltaire, released in September 1981 through Rough Trade Records.
Virginia Agyeiwah Nimarkoh is a British artist and activist, based in London. Nimarkoh was born in London, and studied at Goldsmiths College London from 1986 to 1989, graduating with a PhD in Fine Art. Her practice combines mostly photographic and curatorial projects. She also works in community development and environmental regeneration initiatives across London. She currently works mainly with food, running a raw food business and food insecurity social enterprise in London.
John Wood, DipAD, ADF(Manc), FRSA is Emeritus Professor of Design at Goldsmiths College, University of London. He taught many Young British Artists when he was Deputy Head of the Fine Art Department at Goldsmiths between 1978 and 1988. He has received AHRC and EPSRC funding for research into metadesign.
Dr Sharon Kivland is an artist and writer living in Brittany and working in London. She was Reader in Fine Art at Sheffield Hallam University and Research Associate at the Centre for Freudian Analysis and Research in London. She has exhibited internationally since 1979 and her work was represented by Galerie Bugdahn und Kaimer in Düsseldorf. for many years until sadly, the gallery closed. She was a commissioning editor for the journal EROS, and now is editor and publisher of her own small press MA BIBLIOTHÈQUE. In 2023 she became Visiting Professor at Kingston University, London.
Dreaming is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Psychological Association on behalf of the International Association for the Study of Dreams. IASD's other peer-reviewed publication, the International Journal of Dream Research (IJoDR) is published on Heidelberg University Library servers.
Zach Blas is an artist and writer based in London. His work engages technology and politics and has been exhibited internationally at venues including IMA Brisbane; Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo, Mexico City; Whitechapel Gallery, London; and ZKM Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe. Currently, Blas is a lecturer in the department of Visual Cultures at Goldsmiths.
Giovanni Aloi is an author and curator specializing in the representation of nature in modern and contemporary art. He teaches art history and visual culture at School of the Art Institute of Chicago. He is the Founder and Editor in Chief of Antennae: The Journal of Nature in Visual Culture and is the co-editor of the University of Minnesota Press book series Art after Nature. Aloi is also USA correspondent for Esse Magazine Art+Opinion.
Mark Blagrove is a British research psychologist who specializes in the study of sleep and dreams.
The International Association for the Study of Dreams (IASD) is a multi-disciplinary professional nonprofit organization for scientific dream research (oneirology), founded in 1983 and headquartered in the U.S.
↑ Freud, Sigmund (1977). The Pelican Freud Library, Vol. 8 (orig. 1905): Fragments of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria ("Dora"). Penguin Books. ISBN0140217428.
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Painting of the first dream, of rescue from a burning house, that Dora told Freud in 1900.
Painting of the second dream, of travelling to father's funeral, that Dora told Freud in 1900.
