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A root is the core of a word that is irreducible into more meaningful elements. In morphology, a root is a morphologically simple unit which can be left bare or to which a prefix or a suffix can attach. The root word is the primary lexical unit of a word, and of a word family, which carries aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. Content words in nearly all languages contain, and may consist only of, root morphemes. However, sometimes the term "root" is also used to describe the word without its inflectional endings, but with its lexical endings in place. For example, chatters has the inflectional root or lemma chatter, but the lexical root chat. Inflectional roots are often called stems, and a root in the stricter sense, a root morpheme, may be thought of as a monomorphemic stem.
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The roots of verbs and most nouns in the Semitic languages are characterized as a sequence of consonants or "radicals". Such abstract consonantal roots are used in the formation of actual words by adding the vowels and non-root consonants which go with a particular morphological category around the root consonants, in an appropriate way, generally following specific patterns. It is a peculiarity of Semitic linguistics that a large majority of these consonantal roots are triliterals.
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Ugaritic is an extinct Northwest Semitic language. This article describes the grammar of the Ugaritic language. For more information regarding the Ugaritic language in general, see Ugaritic language.
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Modern Hebrew grammar is partly analytic, expressing such forms as dative, ablative, and accusative using prepositional particles rather than morphological cases.
Derived stems are a morphological feature of verbs common to the Semitic languages. These derived verb stems are sometimes called augmentations or forms of the verb, or are identified by their Hebrew name binyan, and sometimes correspond with additional semantic meaning such as passive or causative action.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Botterweck, Ringgren & Fabry 1974, pp. 13–15.
- ↑ Heimpel 2003, p. 456.
- 1 2 3 4 Kloos 1986, pp. 25–26.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ryken et al. 1998, pp. 373–374.
- ↑ Exodus xxiv,16f;Ezekiel, 1.27f: x,4
- ↑ Genesis, xliv,6;Psalms,vii,5 and xvi,9. Generally see R.B.Onians, The Origins of European Thought, Cambridge University Press, (1951) 1988 p.499 n.2
- 1 2 3 Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament by G. Johannes Botterweck
- 1 2 Kurpershoek 1994, p. 450.
- ↑ Jeremiah 11
