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The Ku Klux Klan,commonly shortened to the KKK or the Klan,is the name of several historical and current American white supremacist,far-right terrorist organizations and hate groups. The Klan was "the first organized terror movement in American history." Their primary targets are African Americans,Hispanics,Jews,Latinos,Asian Americans,Native Americans,Italian Americans,Irish Americans,and Catholics,as well as immigrants,leftists,homosexuals,Muslims,atheists,and abortion providers.
Daisy Douglas Barr was Imperial Empress (leader) of the Indiana Women's Ku Klux Klan (WKKK) in the early 1920s and an active member of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). People were associated with both the KKK and the WCTU because the Ku Klux Klan was a very strong supporter and defender of temperance and National Prohibition. Professionally,she was a Quaker minister in two prominent churches,First Friends Church of New Castle,Indiana,and Friends Memorial Church in Muncie,Indiana. She served as the vice-chair of the Republican Committee in Indiana as well as president of the Indiana War Mother's organization. She was killed in a car wreck and her funeral was held in a Friends meeting.
Ku Klux Klan auxiliaries are organized groups that supplement,but do not directly integrate with the Ku Klux Klan. These auxiliaries include:Women of the Ku Klux Klan,The Jr. Ku Klux Klan,The Tri-K Girls,the American Crusaders,The Royal Riders of the Red Robe,The Ku Klux balla,and the Klan's Colored Man auxiliary.
The Pillar of Fire International,also known as the Pillar of Fire Church,is a Methodist Christian denomination with headquarters in Zarephath,New Jersey. The Pillar of Fire Church affirms the Methodist Articles of Religion and as of 1988,had 76 congregations around the world,including the United States,as well as "Great Britain,India,Liberia,Malawi,Nigeria,the Philippines,Spain,and former Yugoslavia."
Women of the Ku Klux Klan (WKKK),also known as Women's Ku Klux Klan,and Ladies of the Invisible Empire,held to many of the same political and social ideas of the KKK but functioned as a separate branch of the national organization with their own actions and ideas. While most women focused on the moral,civic,and educational agendas of the Klan,they also had considerable involvement in issues of race,class,ethnicity,gender,and religion. The women of the WKKK fought for educational and social reforms like other Progressive reformers but with extreme racism and intolerance.
Storm Warning is a 1950 American thriller film noir starring Ginger Rogers,Ronald Reagan,Doris Day,and Steve Cochran. Directed by Stuart Heisler,it follows a fashion model (Rogers) traveling to a small Southern town to visit her sister (Day),who witnesses the brutal murder of an investigative journalist by the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). The original screenplay was written by Richard Brooks and Daniel Fuchs.
The Wisconsin Union Theater is a performing arts center in Madison,Wisconsin,located in the University of Wisconsin–Madison's Memorial Union. Wisconsin Union Theater performances include world stage,concerts,dance,jazz and other special events.
Heroes of the Fiery Cross is a book in praise of the Ku Klux Klan,published in 1928 by Protestant Bishop Alma Bridwell White,in which she "sounds the alarm about imagined threats to Protestant Americans from Catholics and Jews",according to author Peter Knight. In the book she asks rhetorically,"Who are the enemies of the Klan? They are the bootleggers,law-breakers,corrupt politicians,weak-kneed Protestant church members,white slavers,toe-kissers,wafer-worshippers,and every spineless character who takes the path of least resistance." She also argues that Catholics are removing the Bible from public schools. Another topic is her anti-Catholic stance towards the United States presidential election of 1928,in which Catholic Al Smith was running for president.
The Indiana Klan was a branch of the Ku Klux Klan,a secret society in the United States that organized in 1915 to promote ideas of racial superiority and affect public affairs on issues of Prohibition,education,political corruption,and morality. It was strongly white supremacist against African Americans,Chinese Americans,and also Catholics and Jews,whose faiths were commonly associated with Irish,Italian,Balkan,and Slavic immigrants and their descendants. In Indiana,the Klan did not tend to practice overt violence but used intimidation in certain cases,whereas nationally the organization practiced illegal acts against minority ethnic and religious groups.
The Good Citizen was a sixteen-page monthly political periodical edited by Bishop Alma White and illustrated by Reverend Branford Clarke. The Good Citizen was published from 1913 until 1933 by the Pillar of Fire Church at their headquarters in Zarephath,New Jersey in the United States. White used the publication to expose "political Romanism in its efforts to gain the ascendancy in the U.S."
The Ku Klux Klan in Prophecy is a 144-page book written by Bishop Alma Bridwell White in 1925 and illustrated by Reverend Branford Clarke. In the book she uses scripture to rationalize that the Ku Klux Klan is sanctioned by God "through divine illumination and prophetic vision". She also believed that the Apostles and the Good Samaritan were members of the Klan. The book was published by the Pillar of Fire Church,which she founded,at their press in Zarephath,New Jersey. The book sold over 45,000 copies.
Klansmen:Guardians of Liberty was a book published by the Pillar of Fire Church in 1926 by Bishop Alma Bridwell White and illustrated by Branford Clarke. She claims that the Founding Fathers of the United States were members of the Ku Klux Klan,and that Paul Revere made his legendary ride in Klan hood and robes. She said:"Jews are everywhere a separate and distinct people,living apart from the great Gentile masses ... they are not home builders or tillers of the soil." Her book,which contains many anti-Catholic themes,became popular during the United States presidential election of 1928 when Al Smith was the first Catholic presidential candidate from a major party.
The Ku Klux Klan has had a history in the U.S. state of New Jersey since the early part of the 1920s. The Klan was active in the areas of Trenton and Camden and it also had a presence in several of the state's northern counties in the 1920s. It had the most members in Monmouth County,and operated a resort in Wall Township.
Guardians of Liberty is a three volume set of books published in 1943 by Bishop Alma Bridwell White,author of over 35 books and founder of the Pillar of Fire Church. Guardians of Liberty is primarily devoted to summarizing White's vehement anti-Catholicism under the guise of patriotism. White also defends her historical support of and association with the Ku Klux Klan while significantly but not completely distancing herself from the Klan. Each of the three volumes corresponds to one of the three books White published in the 1920s promoting the Ku Klux Klan and her political views which in addition to anti-Catholicism also included nativism,anti-Semitism and white supremacy. In Guardians of Liberty,White removed most,but not all of the direct references to the Klan that had existed in her three 1920s books,both in the text and in the illustrations. In Volumes I and II,she removed most of the nativist,anti-Semitic and white supremacist ideology that had appeared in her predecessor books. However,in Guardians Volume III,she did retain edited versions of chapters promoting nativism,anti-Semitism and white supremacy.
Daryl Davis is an American R&B and blues musician and activist. His efforts to fight racism by engaging members of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) have convinced dozens of Klansmen to leave and denounce the KKK. Known for his energetic style of boogie-woogie piano,Davis has played with such musicians as Chuck Berry,Jerry Lee Lewis,B. B. King,and Bruce Hornsby.
The Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan is a group styled after the original Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Formed around 2012,it aims to "restore America to a White,Christian nation founded on God's word".
The Southern Publicity Association was a fund-raising agency whose clients included the Anti-Saloon League,the Ku Klux Klan,the Red Cross. The firm was owned and operated by Edward Young Clarke and Mary Elizabeth Tyler. While working with the Klan during its resurgence in the 1920s,the agency was paid for signing up members. They organized recruiters on the national level who were also paid a commission. Their Klan recruitment operation was largely successful in the Southern United States.
One Hundred Percent American:The Rebirth and Decline of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s written by Thomas R. Pegram chronicles the rise to prominence and fall from grace of the Ku Klux Klan,during the 1920s. This book was published by Ivan R. Dee (Chicago) in 2011.
Women of the Klan:Racism and Gender in the 1920s is a non-fiction book written by Kathleen M. Blee and published by the University of California Press,Berkeley,in 1991.
References
- ↑ "Blee, Kathleen M." Library of Congress. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- 1 2 3 Smith, Dinitia (January 26, 2002). "The Women Behind The Masks Of Hate". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 14, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- ↑ "Book profiles Indiana Klanswomen in '20s". Evansville Courier and Press. July 27, 1991. Retrieved February 17, 2023– via newspapers.com.
- 1 2 3 "Kathleen Blee". University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- ↑ Sajna, Mike (April 3, 1977). "Pitt researcher dispels many myths about KKK's members". University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- ↑ McCord, Tom (March 14, 1987). "Sociologist studies Klan women". Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved February 17, 2023– via newspapers.com.
- ↑ Stanton, Bill (July 10, 1991). "Books of The Times; The Klan Behind the Hoods and the Torches". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- ↑ Osburn, Katherine M. (1999). "Osburn on Blee, 'No Middle Ground: Women and Radical Protest' and Kathleen M. Blee, 'No Middle Ground: Women and Radical Protest'". H-Women. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- ↑ Utz, Heidi (June 2001). "A review of: The Road to Poverty: The Making of Wealth and Hardship in Appalachia". Rural Sociology. 66 (2). Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- ↑ "Racist groups recruiting women". The Sentinel. November 21, 2002. Retrieved February 17, 2023– via newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Chancellor's annual faculty awards announced". University of Pittsburgh. February 19, 2004. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- ↑ "Senate Committee Members Elected". University of Pittsburgh. May 13, 2004. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- ↑ "University of Pittsburgh Sociologist Kathleen Blee Named Distinguished Professor". University of Pittsburgh. January 2, 2007. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- ↑ "Five win chancellor teaching awards". University of Pittsburgh. February 8, 2007. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- ↑ Colvard, Michele (April 9, 2007). "Four Professors Honored for Mentoring Doctoral Students". University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- ↑ "PEOPLE OF THE TIMES". University of Pittsburgh. June 26, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- ↑ Bauder, Bob (December 10, 2012). "Newsmaker: Kathleen M. Blee". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review . Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- ↑ "News of Note From Pitt". University of Pittsburgh. November 29, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- ↑ "Kathleen Blee Named Dean for School of Arts and Sciences, College of General Studies". University of Pittsburgh. May 11, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- ↑ "Pitt and CMU launch center dedicated to combating extremism". University of Pittsburgh. March 17, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
- ↑ "Kathleen Blee is stepping down as dean of the Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences". University of Pittsburgh. June 1, 2002. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
