Related Research Articles
Urology, also known as genitourinary surgery, is the branch of medicine that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the urinary-tract system and the reproductive organs. Organs under the domain of urology include the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male reproductive organs.
The prostate is both an accessory gland of the male reproductive system and a muscle-driven mechanical switch between urination and ejaculation. It is found in all male mammals. It differs between species anatomically, chemically, and physiologically. Anatomically, the prostate is found below the bladder, with the urethra passing through it. It is described in gross anatomy as consisting of lobes and in microanatomy by zone. It is surrounded by an elastic, fibromuscular capsule and contains glandular tissue, as well as connective tissue.
Prostate cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system below the bladder. Early prostate cancer causes no symptoms. Abnormal growth of prostate tissue is usually detected through screening tests, typically blood tests that check for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Those with high levels of PSA in their blood are at increased risk for developing prostate cancer. Diagnosis requires a biopsy of the prostate. If cancer is present, the pathologist assigns a Gleason score, and a higher score represents a more dangerous tumor. Medical imaging is performed to look for cancer that has spread outside the prostate. Based on the Gleason score, PSA levels, and imaging results, a cancer case is assigned a stage 1 to 4. A higher stage signifies a more advanced, more dangerous disease.
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), also known as gamma-seminoprotein or kallikrein-3 (KLK3), P-30 antigen, is a glycoprotein enzyme encoded in humans by the KLK3 gene. PSA is a member of the kallikrein-related peptidase family and is secreted by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland in men and the paraurethral glands in women.
Prostate cancer staging is the process by which physicians categorize the risk of cancer having spread beyond the prostate, or equivalently, the probability of being cured with local therapies such as surgery or radiation. Once patients are placed in prognostic categories, this information can contribute to the selection of an optimal approach to treatment. Prostate cancer stage can be assessed by either clinical or pathological staging methods. Clinical staging usually occurs before the first treatment and tumour presence is determined through imaging and rectal examination, while pathological staging is done after treatment once a biopsy is performed or the prostate is removed by looking at the cell types within the sample.
Radical perineal prostatectomy is a surgical procedure wherein the entire prostate gland is removed through an incision in the area between the anus and the scrotum (perineum).
Ipilimumab, sold under the brand name Yervoy, is a monoclonal antibody medication that works to activate the immune system by targeting CTLA-4, a protein receptor that downregulates the immune system.
Ashutosh K. Tewari is the chairman of urology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. He is a board certified American urologist, oncologist, and principal investigator. Before moving to the Icahn School of Medicine in 2013, he was the founding director of both the Center for Prostate Cancer at Weill Cornell Medical College and the LeFrak Center for Robotic Surgery at NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital. Dr. Tewari was the Ronald P. Lynch endowed Chair of Urologic Oncology and the hospital's Director of Robotic Prostatectomy, treating patients with prostate, urinary bladder and other urological cancers. He is the current President of the Society for Urologic Robotic Surgeons (SURS) and the Committee Chair of the Prostate Program. Dr. Tewari is a world leading urological surgeon, and has performed over 10,000 robotically assisted procedures using the da Vinci Surgical System. Academically, he is recognized as a world-renowned expert on urologic oncology with over 250 peer reviewed published papers to his credit; he is on such lists as America's Top Doctors, New York Magazine's Best Doctors, and Who's Who in the World. In 2012, he was given the American Urological Association Gold Cystoscope Award for "outstanding contributions to the field of urologic oncology, most notably the treatment of prostate cancer and the development of novel techniques to improve the outcomes of robotic prostatectomy."
Douglas S. Scherr, M.D. is an American surgeon and specialist in Urologic Oncology. He is currently the Clinical Director of Urologic Oncology at Weill Cornell Medicine. He also holds an appointment at the Rockefeller University as a Visiting Associate Physician. Scherr was the first physician at Cornell to perform a robotic prostatectomy as well as a robotic cystectomy.
Treatment for prostate cancer may involve active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy – including brachytherapy and external-beam radiation therapy, proton therapy, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), cryosurgery, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, or some combination. Treatments also extend to survivorship based interventions. These interventions are focused on five domains including: physical symptoms, psychological symptoms, surveillance, health promotion and care coordination. However, a published review has found only high levels of evidence for interventions that target physical and psychological symptom management and health promotion, with no reviews of interventions for either care coordination or surveillance. The favored treatment option depends on the stage of the disease, the Gleason score, and the PSA level. Other important factors include the man's age, his general health, and his feelings about potential treatments and their possible side-effects. Because all treatments can have significant side-effects, such as erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence, treatment discussions often focus on balancing the goals of therapy with the risks of lifestyle alterations.
Simon J. Hall is an American researcher who is the Associate Professor and Kyung Hyun Kim, M.D. Chair of Urology and Assistant Professor, Department of Gene and Cell Medicine at The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, as well as the Director of the Barbara and Maurice Deane Prostate Health and Research Center at The Mount Sinai Medical Center, both in New York City.
Dendreon is a biotechnology company. Its lead product, Provenge, is an immunotherapy for prostate cancer. It consists of a mixture of the patient's own blood cells that have been incubated with the Dendreon PAP-GM-CSF fusion protein. Phase III clinical trial results demonstrating a survival benefit for prostate cancer patients receiving the drug were presented at the AUA meeting on April 28, 2009. After going through the approval process, Provenge was given full approval by the FDA on April 29, 2010. Dendreon's stock value fell 66% on August 4, 2011, after abandoning its forecast for its debut drug Provenge.
Dr. Michael A. Palese, is an American urologist specializing in robotic, laparoscopic and endoscopic surgery, with a special emphasis on robotic surgeries relating to kidney cancer and kidney stone disease.
Roger Sinclair Kirby FRCS(Urol), FEBU is a British retired prostate surgeon and professor of urology, researcher, writer on men's health and prostate disease, founding editor of the journal Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases and Trends in Urology and Men's Health and a fundraiser for prostate disease charities, best known for his use of the da Vinci surgical robot for laparoscopic prostatectomy in the treatment of prostate cancer. He is a co-founder and president of the charity The Urology Foundation (TUF), vice-president of the charity Prostate Cancer UK, trustee of the King Edward VII's Hospital and as of 2020 is president of the Royal Society of Medicine (RSM), London.
Mark S. Soloway is a leading authority in urologic cancer, researcher, former departmental chair, medical professor and invitational lecturer. He served as chairman of the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Department of Urology and is currently a professor at the Miller School of Medicine. Born in Cleveland, Soloway received his B.Sc. from Northwestern University in Chicago (1961–1964). He completed his M.D. and residency at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland, Ohio (1964–1970). He completed a fellowship at the National Cancer Institute of the National Institute of Health in Bethesda, MD (1970–1972). Soloway has received numerous awards for his work as a researcher and teacher, These awards are American Urological Association's Gold Cystoscope award, Mosby Scholarship for Scholastic Excellence award (1967), North Central Section of American Urological Association Traveling Fellowship award (1972) and many others. These are outstanding achievements for an individual who has contributed most to the field of urology within ten years of completion of his residency program” (1984).
Michael D. Stifelman Michael D. Stifelman, M.D., is Chair of Urology at Hackensack University Medical Center, Director of Robotic Surgery at Hackensack Meridian Health, and Professor and Inaugural Chair of Urology at Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine.
Vipul R. Patel, FACS is the founder and Medical Director of the Florida Hospital Global Robotics Institute, founder and Vice President of the Society of Robotic Surgery, and founder and Editor Emeritus of The Journal of Robotic Surgery. He is board certified by the American Urological Association and specializes in robotic surgery for prostate cancer. As of June, 2023 he performed his 17,000th robotic-assisted prostatectomy. The large volume of prostatectomies he has performed has enabled him to amass a large amount of statistical evidence regarding the efficacy of robotic techniques which has been used in developing and refining techniques. Patel credits the use of robotic assisted surgery with helping surgeons achieve better surgical outcomes with the "trifecta" of cancer control, continence and sexual function. In the course of his career Patel has led and participated in studies that have resulted in developing improved outcomes for robotic surgery and urologic treatment.
The Immune Response Corporation (IRC) was a pharmaceutical company that worked in the development immunotherapeutic products. The firm was founded by Jonas Salk and Kevin Kimberlin when Kimberlin, "asked Salk to become lead scientific advisor for a new biotech company specializing in 'anti-idiotypes,' a novel vaccine technology." Salk called the proposal "liberating."
Declan G. Murphy, FRACS, FRCS, is a urologist, director of the unit for genitourinary oncology and robotic surgery at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre in Melbourne, Australia, professor at the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology at the University of Melbourne, and associate editor of the British Journal of Urology International. In 2010 he introduced robotic surgery for urology to the public sector health services in Victoria, Australia.
Anthony James Costello, FRACS, FRCSI, is an Australian urologist. He served as head of the department of urology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia. He established the first robotic prostate cancer surgery programme in Australia and published the first series of men who had laser surgery for benign prostate enlargements.
References
- ↑ "New prostate cancer test gives more specific, reliable results". Chron.cosm. 25 June 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
- ↑ "Columbia College Today". Columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-06-25.
- 1 2 "America's Top Doctors - The Best in American Medicine". Castleconnolly.com. Retrieved 2015-06-25.
- ↑ "Prostate cancer a worry for T&T". Guardian.co.tt. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
- ↑ "Kevin Slawin: Taking bench to bedside - from the Labs - Baylor College of Medicine - Houston, Texas". Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
- ↑ "Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center Urologist Among Elite Group of Prostatectomy Experts in the Nation". Memorialhermann.org. Retrieved 2015-06-25.
- ↑ Savage, C. J.; Vickers, A. J. (2009). "Low Annual Caseloads in US Surgeons Conducting Radical Prostatectomy". The Journal of Urology. 182 (6): 2677–2679. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2009.08.034. PMC 2860275 . PMID 19836787.
- ↑ Mikolajczyk, Stephen; Millar, L. S.; Wang, T. J.; Rittenhouse, H. G.; Marks, L. S.; Song, W; Wheeler, T. M.; Slawin, K. M. (2000). "A precursor form of prostate-specific antigen is more highly elevated in prostate cancer compared with benign transition zone prostate tissue". Cancer Research. 60 (3): 756–759. PMID 10676664.
- 1 2 "Patent US6423503 - Forms of free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and their association with ... - Google Patents". Google.com. Retrieved 2015-06-25.
- ↑ "K8 Science: Kevin Slawin: Taking bench to bedside". 26 July 2011. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ↑ "ProPSA Test for Detection of Prostate Cancer Validated - National Cancer Institute". Archived from the original on March 3, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
- ↑ "NCI Cancer Bulletin for July 10, 2012 - National Cancer Institute". Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
- ↑ "New Prostate Cancer Blood Test Now Available in the US : Press release" (PDF). Prostatehealthindex.us. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-23. Retrieved 2015-06-25.
- ↑ Hanks, Brent A.; Jiang, Jianghong; Singh, Rana A K.; Song, Weitao; Barry, Michael; Huls, Mary H.; Slawin, Kevin M.; Spencer, David M. (2005). "Re-engineered CD40 receptor enables potent pharmacological activation of dendritic-cell cancer vaccines in vivo". Nature Medicine. 11 (2): 130–137. doi:10.1038/nm1183. PMID 15665830. S2CID 33397197.
- ↑ "Patent US7404950 - Induced activation in dendritic cell". Google.com. Retrieved 2015-06-25.
- ↑ "Houston's Bellicum Pharma Rides T-Cell Therapy Wave to $140M IPO". Xconomy.com. 2014-12-18. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ↑ "Bellicum Pharmaceuticals IPO". NASDAQ. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ↑ "Bellicum Pharmaceuticals: Has The Bell Finally Tolled For Cancer?". Seeking Alpha. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ↑ "Bellicum Pharmaceuticals Major Shareholders". Yahoo Finance. Retrieved 7 June 2015.