Kirana gharana

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Kirana gharana is one of the Indian classical khyal gharanas, [1] [2] and is concerned foremost with intonation of notes (swara).

Contents

Singing style

The central concern of the Kirana style is swara, or individual notes, in particular precise tuning and expression of notes. In the Kirana Gayaki (singing style), the individual notes (swaras) of the raga are not just random points in the scale, but independent realms of music capable of horizontal expansion. Emotional pukars in the higher octaves form a part of the musical experience. Another unique feature of this gharana is the intricate and ornate use of the sargam taan (weaving patterns with the notations themselves) introduced by Abdul Karim Khan under influence from the Carnatic classical style. [1] [2]

In the late nineteenth century Abdul Karim Khan and Abdul Wahid Khan revolutionized the khayal gayaki by introducing the vilambit (a slow tempo section) to delineate the structure of the raga note by note. [3]

Frequently performed ragas by musicians of the gharana include Todi, Lalit, Multani, Patdeep, Puriya, Marwa, Shuddha Kalyan, Darbari Kanhara, and Komal-Rishabh Asavari. Marathi thespian Pula Deshpande has pointed out that performers from the Kirana gharana are particularly fond of the Komal Re/Rishabh (or minor second in the western system) note of the classical music scale, a frequent feature of these commonly performed ragas. [2]

History

In the 19th century the Kirana gharana coalesced around Miyan Bande Ali Khan, a player of the rudra veena. The gharana's style was further developed, and established as one of the prominent styles in modern Indian classical music in the late 19th / early 20th centuries by the musicians Abdul Karim Khan and Abdul Wahid Khan. [3] Abdul Karim Khan was an extremely popular musician, and was thus highly influential in popularizing the gharana. Some trace the gharana's roots back farther to the 13th-century musician Gopal Nayak, a Hindu musician (of the dhrupad style) who later converted to Islamic Sufism and in the process assimilated the predominantly Muslim khyal musical style. [4]

The name of this school of music derives from Kirana or Kairana, a town and tehsil of Shamli District in Uttar Pradesh. It is the birthplace of Abdul Karim Khan (1872–1937), who was one of the most important musicians of this gharana and of Hindustani music in general in the twentieth century. A frequent visitor to the Court of Mysore, Abdul Karim Khan was also influenced by Carnatic music, and roots of the tradition can also be traced back to his great-grandfather Ghulam Ali and Ghulam Maula, the brother of Ghulam Ali.

Owing to the popularity of Abdul Karim Khan, most contemporary Hindustani musicians from Karnataka are exponents of Kirana gharana, and Kirana gharana in turn has absorbed many of the features of the Carnatic tradition. The border region between Karnataka and Maharashtra is particularly associated with the gharana. [2]

The other primary master of the gharana, in the early 20th century, was Abdul Karim Khan's cousin Abdul Wahid Khan who chose to settle at Lahore, Pakistan after the 1947 Partition of British India.

Ancestral pedagogy of Kirana Gharana

This tree details the hereditary lineage of the Kirana Gharana based on several documented accounts.[ citation needed ]

Nayak
Gopal
Nayak
Bhannu
Nayak
Dhondu
Ramzani Khan
(Beenkar)
Gullu KhanGazi
Khan
Mohammed Zama
Khan (Beenkar)
Hussain Ali
Khan "Hingarang"
Ghulam Maula
Khan
Rahim Ali
Khan
Allarakha Khan
(Dhrupadiya)
Langde Hussain
Khan
Ilahi BakshDhumi
Khan
Shahab
Khan
Vajid Ali
Khan
Ghulam Taki
Khan
Ghalum Kasim
Khan
Ghalum Zamin
Khan
Ghalum Azam
Khan
Abdul Majid
Khan
Abdul Rahim
Khan
Abdul Aziz
Khan
Nanne
Khan
Mehboob
Baksh
Kale
Khan
Abdulla
Khan
Shende
Khan
Sadiq Ali
Khan
Khadin Hussain
Khan
Hussain Ali
(Beenkar)
Habeeb
Khan
Abdul Wahid
Khan
Abdul Gafur
Khan
Abdul Razaq
Khan
Abdul Rehman
Khan
Rahim
Baksh
Hyder Baksh
Khan
Rahman
Baksh Khan
Abdul Karim
Khan
Abdul Haqq
Khan
Abdul Latif
Khan
Haider Ali
Khan
Bande Ali
Khan
(Beenkar)
Hafizulla
Khan
Abdul Haqq
Khan
Shakoor
Khan
Gani
Khan
Abdul Bashir
Khan
Majid
Khan
Hamid
Khan
Sureshbabu
Mane
Hirabai
Badodekar
Abdul Rehhman
Khan
Saraswati
Rane
Kanniz
Begum
Umrao
Begum
Samiulla
Khan
Akhtar Nawaz
Khan
Mubarak Ali
Khan
Mashkoor
Ali Khan
Niyaz & Fayyaz
Ahmed Khan
Noor Hasan
Khan
Sattar
Khan
Babu
Khan
Amjad Ali
Khan
Arshad Ali
Khan
Shahana
Ali Khan
Riyaz Ahmed
Khan
Sarfaraz
Ahmed Khan

Lineage

Gopal Nayak
Nayak Dhondu Nayak Bhannu
Ghulam Ali Ghulam Maula
Utd. Bande Ali Khan
Utd. Eliahee Baksh Khan Utd. Abdullah Khan Utd. Kale Khan Utd. Nanhe Khan
Utd. Majid Khan Utd. Abdul Habib Khan Utd. Abdul Karim Khan (founder) Utd. Abdul Haq Khan
Utd. Abdul Wahid Khan
Pt. Balkrishnabuwa Kapileshwari Pt. Sawai Gandharva Pt. Ganpatrao Gurav
Pt. Vishwanathbuwa Jadhav Pt. Sureshbabu Mane Pt. Ganpatbuwa Behere Pt. Dasharathbuwa Muley
Smt. Hirabai Badodekar Pt. Shankarrao Sarnaik
Pt. Pran Nath Begum Akhtar Pt. Sukhdev Prasad Utd. Shakoor Khan (sarangiya) Smt. Saraswati Rane Master Krishnarao) Smt. Gangubai Hangal
Utd. Hafizullah Khan Mohammed Rafi (playback singer) Pt. Ram Narayan (sarangiya) Pt. Baburao Jadhav Pt. Basavaraj Rajguru Firoz Dastur Bharat Ratna Pt. Bhimsen Joshi Roshan Ara Begum Pt. Nivruttibuwa Sarnaik Pt. Sangmeshwar Gurav
Pt. Rajaram Jadhav
Pt. Mani Prasad Smt. Shakuntalaraje Jadhav Dr. Prabha Atre Pt. Chandrakant Kapileshwari Smt. Krishna Hangal Shrikant Deshpande Pt. Madhav Gudi Sripathi Padigar
Pt. Pandurang Jadhav
Utd. Mashkoor Ali Khan Smt. Pranati Mhatre Pt. Parameshwar Hegde Milind Chittal Anand Bhate Shrinivas Joshi Rajendra Kandalgaonkar Pt. Kaivalya Kumar Gurav
Arati Thakur
Nachiketa Yakkundi Srivani Jade Pt. Nagaraja Rao Havaldar Prasanna Gudi Jayateerth Mevundi Balachandra Prabhu Vijaykumar Patil
Amjad Ali Khan Arshad Ali Khan
Omkarnath Havaldar

Exponents

19th century

20th century

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Jyoti Nair Belliappa. "Fine sample of Kirana gharana". The Hindu newspaper. Archived from the original on 3 January 2004. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "Torch-bearers of kirana gharana, and their followers". The Times of India. 26 January 2011. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Kirana gharana". ITC Sangeet Research Academy website. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  4. Lavezzoli, p. 246
  5. Khanna, Amit (2019). Words. Sounds. Images.: A History of Media and Entertainment in India. HarperCollins India. p. 1846. ISBN   9789353573522.

Bibliography