Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework

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The moment when adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework was announced on December 19, 2022 22dec19-COP15-Adoption-of-the-Kunming-Montreal-Framework-8781 (52573109390).jpg
The moment when adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework was announced on December 19, 2022

The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) is an outcome of the 2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference. Its tentative title had been the "Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework". [1] The GBF was adopted by the 15th Conference of Parties (COP15) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) on 19 December 2022. [2] It has been promoted as a "Paris Agreement for Nature". [3] [4] It is one of a handful of agreements under the auspices of the CBD, and it is the most significant to date. It has been hailed as a "huge, historic moment" and a "major win for our planet and for all of humanity." [5]

Contents

UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres speaking at the 2022 biodiversity conference in Montreal which led to this treaty 22dec07-COP15-Sec-Gen-Media-3206 (52549456365).jpg
UN Secretary General António Guterres speaking at the 2022 biodiversity conference in Montreal which led to this treaty

The Framework is named after two cities, Kunming, which was scheduled to be the host city for COP15 in October 2020 but postponed and subsequently relinquished the hosting duties due to China's COVID policy, and Montreal, which is the seat of the Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat and stepped in to host COP15 after Kunming's cancellation. [6]

Background

Human activities around the planet have been causing a crisis of biodiversity loss around the globe. This phenomenon has been known as the Holocene extinction, which is the sixth mass extinction event in the earth's history. [7] The decline in nature threatens the survival of a million species [8] and impacts billions of people. [9] [10]

Due to increasing awareness of the biodiversity crisis, there was pressure from citizens and investors around the world to take action to address the interlinked crises of climate change and biodiversity loss. [5] [11] Previous agreements, including the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, had largely failed to achieve their targets for biodiversity loss. [12]

In the lead up to the adoption of the GBF, it was hoped that the GBF would act as an ambitious, science-based, and comprehensive sister agreement to the Paris Agreement - an international agreement for climate change under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. [13] COP15, the summit where the GBF was adopted, was described by Elizabeth Maruma Mrema (Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity) as a "Paris moment for biodiversity". [14]

Goals and targets

The GBF contains four global goals ("Kunming-Montreal Global Goals for 2050") and 23 targets ("Kunming-Montreal 2030 Global Targets").

The four goals are: [15]

  1. The integrity, resilience, and connectivity of ecosystems is maintained, enhanced, or restored, substantially increasing the area of natural ecosystems by 2050, and that human-induced extinction of threatened species is halted, and that by 2050, extinction rate and risk of all species are reduced tenfold, and the abundance of native wild species is increased to healthy and resilient levels; and that the genetic diversity within populations of wild and domesticated species, is maintained, safeguarding their adaptive potential.
  2. Biodiversity is sustainably used and managed and nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, are valued, maintained and enhanced, with those currently in decline being restored, supporting the achievement of sustainable development, for the benefit of present and future generations by 2050.
  3. The monetary and non-monetary benefits from the utilization of genetic resources, and digital sequence information on genetic resources, and of traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources, as applicable, are shared fairly and equitably, including, as appropriate with indigenous peoples and local communities, and substantially increased by 2050, while ensuring traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources is appropriately protected, thereby contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, in accordance with internationally agreed access and benefit-sharing instruments
  4. Adequate means of implementation, including financial resources, capacity-building, technical and scientific cooperation, and access to and transfer of technology to fully implement the Kunming-Montreal global biodiversity framework are secured and equitably accessible to all Parties, especially developing countries, in particular the least developed countries and small island developing States, as well as countries with economies in transition, progressively closing the biodiversity finance gap of $700 billion per year, and aligning financial flows with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the 2050 Vision for Biodiversity.

The 23 targets are categorized into three areas as: [16]

  1. Reducing threats to biodiversity.
  2. Meeting people's needs through sustainable use and benefit-sharing.
  3. Tools and solutions for implementation and mainstreaming.

"Target 3" is especially referred to as the "30 by 30" target. [17] It succeeds the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 (including the Aichi Biodiversity Targets). [18] It aims for governments to designate 30% of Earth's terrestrial and aquatic area as protected areas by 2030. [15] As part of the target, countries must stop subsidizing activities that destroy wilderness, such as mining and industrial fishing. [19]

In parallel to the development of these goals and targets, the concept of nature-positive emerged as a global societal goal for nature that mirrors the mission and vision of the GBF. [20] Nature-positive refers to the goal to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030, and to achieve nature recovery by 2050, [21] while the Global Biodiversity Framework also aims to halt and reverse the loss of biodiversity to begin the road to nature recovery. [22] Since the implementation of the GBF, nature-positive has played a role in mainstreaming nature throughout businesses and governance systems to achieve the targets of the framework. [20]

Implications

The implementation of the GBF will likely lead to the following effects according to the United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative: [23]

  1. Mandatory nature-related disclosure of data. Companies will be required to disclose their impacts on biodiversity and the natural world.
  2. Increasing nature-positive financial flows. Banks and financial institutions will have to invest in projects that restore nature.
  3. Biodiversity targets will form a mandatory part of corporate governance.
  4. Central banks and their governing institutions will need to address the risks stemming from nature loss as a core part of their mandates.
  5. The GBF will enable international policy alignment in terms of protecting nature.

The GBF is not a legally binding treaty, [24] but it is expected to have a major impact in countries around the world as they endeavor to meet their targets, through the development of new plans and regulations. [25] For example, protected areas will be expanded and subsidies for ecologically destructive activities such as fishing will have to be redirected. [26]

Progress towards national targets has been under review at COP16. By the summit’s end, just 44 out of 196 parties had come up with new biodiversity plans. [27] [28]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Convention on Biological Diversity</span> International treaty on biological diversity

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), known informally as the Biodiversity Convention, is a multilateral treaty. The Convention has three main goals: the conservation of biological diversity ; the sustainable use of its components; and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources. Its objective is to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, and it is often seen as the key document regarding sustainable development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biodiversity</span> Variety and variability of life forms

Biodiversity is the variability of life on Earth. It can be measured on various levels. There is for example genetic variability, species diversity, ecosystem diversity and phylogenetic diversity. Diversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is greater in the tropics as a result of the warm climate and high primary productivity in the region near the equator. Tropical forest ecosystems cover less than one-fifth of Earth's terrestrial area and contain about 50% of the world's species. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity for both marine and terrestrial taxa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protected area</span> Areas protected for having ecological or cultural importance

Protected areas or conservation areas are locations which receive protection because of their recognized natural or cultural values. Protected areas are those areas in which human presence or the exploitation of natural resources is limited.

Rio Convention relates to the following three conventions, which were agreed at the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Living Planet Index</span> Indicator of the state of global biological diversity

The Living Planet Index (LPI) is an indicator of the state of global biological diversity, based on trends in vertebrate populations of species from around the world. The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) manages the index in cooperation with the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biodiversity Indicators Partnership</span>

The Biodiversity Indicators Partnership (BIP) brings together a host of international organizations working on indicator development, to provide the best available information on biodiversity trends to the global community. The Partnership was initially established to help monitor progress towards the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 2010 Biodiversity target. However, since its establishment in 2006 the BIP has developed a strong identity not only within the CBD but with other Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), national and regional governments and other sectors. As a result, the Partnership will continue through international collaboration and cooperation to provide biodiversity indicator information and trends into the future.

Environmental governance (EG) consists of a system of laws, norms, rules, policies and practices that dictate how the board members of an environment related regulatory body should manage and oversee the affairs of any environment related regulatory body which is responsible for ensuring sustainability (sustainable development) and manage all human activities—political, social and economic. Environmental governance includes government, business and civil society, and emphasizes whole system management. To capture this diverse range of elements, environmental governance often employs alternative systems of governance, for example watershed-based management.

The United Nations General Assembly had declared 2011–20 the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity. The UN Decade on Biodiversity had served to support and promote implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, with the goal of significantly reducing biodiversity loss. None of the 20 aichi targets were achieved, though progress was made towards several of them.

Kerala State Biodiversity Board (KSBB)

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biodiversity loss</span> Extinction of species or loss of species in a given habitat

Biodiversity loss happens when plant or animal species disappear completely from Earth (extinction) or when there is a decrease or disappearance of species in a specific area. Biodiversity loss means that there is a reduction in biological diversity in a given area. The decrease can be temporary or permanent. It is temporary if the damage that led to the loss is reversible in time, for example through ecological restoration. If this is not possible, then the decrease is permanent. The cause of most of the biodiversity loss is, generally speaking, human activities that push the planetary boundaries too far. These activities include habitat destruction and land use intensification. Further problem areas are air and water pollution, over-exploitation, invasive species and climate change.

Ecosystem-based adaptation encompasses a broad set of approaches to adapt to climate change. They all involve the management of ecosystems and their services to reduce the vulnerability of human communities to the impacts of climate change. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) defines EBA as "the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an overall adaptation strategy to help people to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">30 by 30</span> International ecological preservation initiative

30 by 30 is a worldwide initiative for governments to designate 30% of Earth's land and ocean area as protected areas by 2030. The target was proposed by a 2019 article in Science Advances, "A Global Deal for Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and targets", highlighting the need for expanded nature conservation efforts to mitigate climate change. Launched by the High Ambition Coalition for Nature and People in 2020, more than 50 nations had agreed to the initiative by January 2021, which has increased to more than 100 countries by October 2022.

Digital sequence information (DSI) is a placeholder term used in international policy fora, particularly the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), to refer to data derived from dematerialized genetic resources (GR).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference</span> COP 15 (Biodiversity)

The 2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference of the Parties (COP15) to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was a conference held in Montreal, Canada, which led to the international agreement to protect 30% of land and oceans by 2030 and the adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.

Other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) are sites outside of protected areas that are governed and managed in ways that deliver the long-term in situ conservation of biodiversity. As of March 2023, 856 such sites have been reported to the World Database on Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures, managed by the UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre. OECMs cover 1,992,729 km2 (769,397 sq mi) of the Earth's surface, accounting for 1,589,090 km2 (613,550 sq mi) on land and 403,639 km2 (155,846 sq mi) in the ocean.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">2024 United Nations Biodiversity Conference</span> COP 16 (Biodiversity)

The 2024 United Nations Biodiversity Conference of the Parties (COP16) to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was a conference that was held from October 21 to November 1, 2024 in Cali, Colombia. The monitoring framework agreed at the previous conference should allow the progress of the countries towards national goals and targets under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework to be evaluated.

A Biodiversity Impact Credit (BIC) is a transferable biodiversity credit designed to reduce global species extinction risk. The underlying BIC metric, developed by academics working at Queen Mary University of London and Bar-Ilan University, is given by a simple formula that quantifies the positive and negative effects that interventions in nature have on the mean long-term survival probability of species. In particular, an organisation's global footprint in terms of BICs can be computed from PDF-based biodiversity footprints. The metric is broadly applicable across taxa and ecosystems. Organisations whose overall biodiversity impact is positive in terms of the BIC metric contribute to achieving the objective of the Global Biodiversity Framework to "significantly reduce extinction risk".

Nature-positive is a concept and goal to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030, and to achieve full nature recovery by 2050. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the aim is to achieve this through "measurable gains in the health, abundance, diversity, and resilience of species, ecosystems, and natural processes." Progress towards this goal is generally measured from a biodiversity baseline of 2020 levels.

References

  1. ↑ "Preparations for the Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework". Convention on Biological Diversity. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
  2. ↑ "Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework adopted at COP15". XinhuaNet. 19 December 2022. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
  3. ↑ "Connecting the dots: Climate change and biodiversity interlinkages in Asia-Pacific". UNEP - UN Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
  4. ↑ "'Paris Agreement for nature' raises biodiversity hopes and doubts". www.ft.com. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  5. 1 2 "Adoption of a New Global Biodiversity Framework – Key Takeaways for Global Organizations and Financial Firms". Gibson Dunn. 2023-01-06. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
  6. ↑ "Biodiversity agreement to protect planet reached at UN conference in Montreal". CBC News . 2022-12-19. Retrieved 2023-07-10.
  7. ↑ Cowie, Robert H.; Bouchet, Philippe; Fontaine, Benoît (2022-03-08). "The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation?". Biological Reviews. 97 (2): 640–663. doi:10.1111/brv.12816. ISSN   1464-7931. PMC   9786292 . PMID   35014169.
  8. ↑ Hughes, Alice C. (2023-01-18). "The Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework: How did we get here, and where do we go next?". Integrative Conservation. 2 (1): 1–9. Bibcode:2023IntCo...2....1H. doi: 10.1002/inc3.16 . ISSN   2770-9329.
  9. ↑ Environment, U. N. (2022-12-19). "Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework". UNEP - UN Environment Programme. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
  10. ↑ Science, Intergovernmental (2022-07-08). Summary for policymakers of the thematic assessment of the sustainable use of wild species of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) (Report). doi:10.5281/zenodo.6425599.
  11. ↑ Pörtner, H.-O.; Scholes, R. J.; Arneth, A.; Barnes, D. K. A.; Burrows, M. T.; Diamond, S. E.; Duarte, C. M.; Kiessling, W.; Leadley, P.; Managi, S.; McElwee, P.; Midgley, G.; Ngo, H. T.; Obura, D.; Pascual, U. (2023-04-21). "Overcoming the coupled climate and biodiversity crises and their societal impacts". Science. 380 (6642): eabl4881. doi:10.1126/science.abl4881. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   37079687.
  12. ↑ Dickie, Gloria (2022-12-09). "Explainer: Why did past targets to protect nature fail over the last decade?". Reuters. Retrieved 2024-08-05.
  13. ↑ Greenfield, Patrick (2022-11-16). "'Paris agreement' for nature imperative at Cop15, architects of climate deal say". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2024-08-05.
  14. ↑ Weston, Phoebe (2022-11-11). "Cop27 must pave the way for 'a Paris moment' for nature, says UN". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2024-08-05.
  15. 1 2 "COP15: Final text of Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework". Convention on Biological Diversity. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
  16. ↑ "2030 Targets (with Guidance Notes)". Convention on Biological Diversity. 2023-09-21. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  17. ↑ "Achieving Target 3: Technical support for implementing the 30x30 target". IUCN. 7 December 2022. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
  18. ↑ "A new global framework for managing nature through 2030: First detailed draft agreement debuts". Convention on Biological Diversity. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
  19. ↑ Irfan, Umair (2023-04-21). "7 ways we've made the Earth better since the last Earth Day". Vox. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
  20. 1 2 Booth, Hollie; Milner-Gulland, E.J.; McCormick, Nadine; Starkey, Malcolm (July 2024). "Operationalizing transformative change for business in the context of Nature Positive". One Earth. 7 (7). doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2024.06.003. ISSN   2590-3322.
  21. ↑ Nature Positive Initiative (2023-11-27). "The Definition of Nature Positive" (PDF). Nature Positive Initiative. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  22. ↑ Unit, Biosafety (2024-02-21). "2050 Vision and 2030 Mission". www.cbd.int. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  23. ↑ "The Global Biodiversity Framework – what's next for financial policy and regulation?" . Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  24. ↑ "COP15: Cautious success or abject failure? The experts weigh in". euronews. 2022-12-20. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  25. ↑ World Economic Forum (2022-12-05). "The Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework and What it Means for Business - WHITE PAPER" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  26. ↑ "Twenty-third Global Meeting of Regional Seas Conventions and Action Plans | United Nations in the Caribbean". caribbean.un.org. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  27. ↑ Fuller, Katie (2024-05-23). "COP16 – the biodiversity COP: Colombia, 21 Oct–1 Nov 2024". www.cisl.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-08-05.
  28. ↑ "COP16: Key outcomes agreed at the UN biodiversity conference in Cali, Colombia". Carbon Brief. 2024-11-02. Retrieved 2024-11-03.
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