LGBT rights in New Zealand

Last updated

LGBT rights in New Zealand
New Zealand (orthographic projection) 2.svg
New Zealand
Status Male legal since 1986,
female always legal
Gender identity Transgender people allowed to change legal gender
Military Gay, lesbian, and bisexual people allowed to serve
Discrimination protections The Human Rights Act 1993 covers sexual orientation and gender identity/expression
Family rights
Recognition of relationships Civil unions since 2005
Same-sex marriage since 2013
Adoption Full adoption rights since 2013

New Zealand lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are some of the most extensive in the world. [1] [2] The protection of LGBT rights is advanced, relative to other countries in Oceania, and among the most liberal in the world, with the country being the first in the region to legalise same-sex marriage. [3]

Contents

Throughout the late 20th century, the rights of the LGBT community received more awareness and male same-sex sexual activity was decriminalised in 1986, with an age of consent of 16, equal to heterosexual intercourse. After recognising gender-neutral civil union since 2004, New Zealand legalised both same-sex marriage and adoption rights for same-sex couples in 2013. Discrimination regarding sexual orientation, and gender identity and expression has been banned since 1993. Gay, lesbian, and bisexual people have been allowed to serve openly in the military since 1993. Opinion polls have found that a majority of New Zealanders support same-sex marriage.

Legality of same-sex sexual activity

Same-sex relationships and activities (Māori: takatāpui ) were largely accepted amongst pre-colonial Māori society. [4] [5] There were no legal or social punishments for engaging in same-sex sexual activity. Male homosexual intercourse was first criminalised when New Zealand adopted England's law with the English Law Act 1858 and adopted British law making "buggery" a crime with a maximum sentence of death. [6] [7] (In practice, New Zealand used the death penalty only for offences of murder and once for treason before abolishment in 1961). [8] In 1861, Britain replaced the death penalty for buggery with life imprisonment. New Zealand enacted similar legislation six years later. [7] In 1893, the law in New Zealand was broadened to outlaw any sexual activity between men. Penalties included life imprisonment, hard labour and flogging. [7] Sex between women has never been criminalised in New Zealand. [9]

The Dorian Society (1962–88) was the first New Zealand organisation for homosexual men. The British Homosexual Law Reform Society provided legal assistance to the society. It drafted a petition calling for the decriminalisation of homosexual acts. Signed by 75 prominent citizens, a petition was presented to (and rejected by) Parliament in 1968. [7]

In 1972, academic Ngahuia Te Awekotuku was denied a permit to visit the United States on the grounds that she was a homosexual. Publicity around the incident was a catalyst in the formation of gay liberation groups in Wellington, Christchurch and Auckland. [10] The 1970s saw the growth of the modern feminist and gay movements in New Zealand.

MP Venn Young introduced a bill, entitled the Crimes Amendment Bill, in July 1974, which was the first bill to propose decriminalising homosexual acts between consenting adults. [11] It was unsuccessful and was criticised by gay rights organisations for setting the age of consent at 21, as opposed to the age of 16 for heterosexual acts. [10] Gay rights organisations refused to support bills which did not present an equal age of consent. [10] A similar bill, introduced by MP Warren Freer in 1979, failed in its parliamentary reading in 1980, due to lack of support for the same reasons over the age disparity. [10]

In 1985, Labour MP Fran Wilde consulted with gay rights groups to develop the Homosexual Law Reform Bill, which she introduced to Parliament on 8 March. It proposed removing the offence of consensual sex between males over the age of sixteen. [12] Over the course of 14 months, the bill attracted organised opposition outside Parliament, including an anti-reform petition (which was rejected by Parliament). Inside Parliament, multiple attempts to set a higher age of consent at 20 or 18 were rejected; ironically, some opponents of decriminalisation of homosexuality joined supporters of full equality in voting against those proposals, as they believed that a higher age of consent for gay sex would have made the Bill more palatable to those on the fences. The bill passed its final reading on 9 July 1986, 49 votes in favour to 44 opposed. It achieved royal assent (becoming the Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986) on 11 July 1986, and it came into effect on 8 August that year. [12]

Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and (implicitly) gender identity was outlawed several years later by the Human Rights Act 1993. [13] [14]

Expungement of convictions

Individuals convicted and imprisoned for homosexual offences prior to August 1986 were not automatically eligible to hide the offences under the Criminal Records (Clean Slate) Act 2004, since the Act applies retrospectively to current and abolished offences equally. However, individuals with an otherwise clean criminal record could apply to a District Court to have the conviction disregarded. However, this process only concealed these convictions – it did not erase them altogether. [15] [16]

On 28 June 2017, the Government introduced a bill which would allow men convicted for homosexual offences to apply to wipe out their convictions from the records. [17] [18] On 6 July, the bill had its first reading. Justice Minister Amy Adams moved a motion to apologise for convictions the same day, to which Parliament agreed unanimously. [19] [20] [21] The bill was passed by Parliament on 3 April 2018 and received royal assent on 9 April 2018, becoming the Criminal Records (Expungement of Convictions for Historical Homosexual Offences) Act 2018, and going into effect the following day. [22]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Same-sex civil union ceremony in Wellington, December 2006. Nzcivilunion.JPG
Same-sex civil union ceremony in Wellington, December 2006.

The Property (Relationships) Amendment Act 2001 gives de facto couples, whether opposite or same sex, the same property rights as existed since 1976 for married couples on the break-up of a relationship. [23]

The Civil Union Act 2004 established the institution of civil union for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples. The Act is very similar to the Marriage Act 1955 with "marriage" replaced by "civil union". The following year, the Relationships (Statutory References) Act 2005 was passed to remove discriminatory provisions from most legislation. [24]

Same-sex marriage

Labour MP Louisa Wall authored the bill which legalised same-sex marriage in New Zealand. Louisa Wall.jpg
Labour MP Louisa Wall authored the bill which legalised same-sex marriage in New Zealand.

Same-sex marriage in New Zealand was refused judicial approval by the Court of Appeal after Quilter v Attorney-General in 1994. [25] However, unlike Australia and much of the United States, New Zealand refused to pre-emptively ban same-sex marriage in case a future parliament decided to approve it with an amended marriage act. In December 2005, an abortive member's bill failed at its first reading to do so. [26] Until a marriage bill was passed in April 2013, same-sex marriage and adoption were the final barrier before full LGBT formal and substantive equality in New Zealand.

In July 2012, a member's bill by Labour MP Louisa Wall which proposed defining marriage to be inclusive regardless of gender was drawn from the ballot. The Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill passed its first reading on 29 August 2012, 80 votes in favour to 40 opposed (with one abstention). Preliminary reports evidenced widespread support for same-sex marriage both within Parliament (notably from Prime Minister John Key) [27] and amongst the general public, with polls conducted in May 2012 indicating 63% support. [28] In December 2012, former Governor-General Dame Catherine Tizard starred in an online video campaign supporting same-sex marriage, alongside New Zealand singers Anika Moa, Boh Runga and Hollie Smith, as well as Olympian Danyon Loader. [29] In a conscience vote, [30] the bill passed its second and third readings by 77–44, and became law on 19 April 2013. However, same-sex marriages were not conducted until August, when the law went into effect. [31]

Adoption and parenting

There are no specific barriers preventing an LGBT individual from adopting children, except that a male individual cannot adopt a female child. The same-sex marriage law became effective from 19 August 2013, and since then married same-sex couples have been able to adopt children jointly. Unmarried couples of any sex and couples in a civil union can jointly adopt children following a New Zealand High Court ruling in December 2015. The court ruled that the ban breached the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. [32] The minimum age to adopt in New Zealand is 20 years for a related child and 25 years or the child's age plus 20 years (whichever is greater) for an unrelated child. [33]

On 21 May 2006, Green List MP Metiria Turei raised the issue of LGBT adoption, arguing that New Zealand's Adoption Act 1955 did not meet the complexities of contemporary New Zealand society. She argued following the enactment of civil unions in particular that eligible lesbian and gay prospective parents should be enabled to legally adopt. [34]

Many lesbian couples are now raising children in New Zealand. Where these children are conceived through donor (sperm) insemination, both partners are recognised on the children's birth certificates (the birth mother as "mother", the other mother as "other parent"). This is following the Care of Children Act 2004, which repealed and replaced the Status of Children Act 1969. Fostering and guardianship are also recognised under New Zealand law and regulation, and reproductive technology has been accessible since 1994. [35]

The donor is not recognised as a legal parent in New Zealand law. However, parents and donors can make formal agreements as to how things will work but the courts do have flexibility as to whether they recognise these agreements or not, under section 41 of the Care of Children Act 2004.[ citation needed ]

Lesbian women who have trouble conceiving using private donor insemination may be eligible, as other New Zealand women are, to help through publicly funded fertility treatment. However, there are conditions on this and every woman needing fertility treatment is scored as to her eligibility.[ citation needed ]

Now passed, the current Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Act 2013 enables eligible married same-sex parents to adopt children as there is a clause to that effect contained therein. However, known-relative adoptions in New Zealand have outnumbered stranger adoptions since the mid-1970s; between 2007 and 2013, there were 18 known-relative and stepchild adoptions for every 10 stranger adoptions. [36]

Only men who do not have sperm are eligible for public funding to assisted reproduction, which means that most male same-sex couples must get private treatment. [37]

Discrimination protections

The Human Rights Act 1993 (Māori : Te Ture Tika Tangata 1993) outlaws discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation and, implicitly, gender identity/expression. [13] Initially, this law temporarily exempted government activities until 1999. [38] In 1998, an amendment bill was introduced making this exemption permanent; this was abandoned following a change of government in 1999. The new Labour Government instead passed another amendment to apply the Act to government activities, and also to create a new ability for the courts to "declare" legislation inconsistent with the Act. Article 27(2) of the Act reads as follows: [39]

Nothing in section 22 [which concerns employment matters] shall prevent different treatment based on sex, religious or ethical belief, disability, age, political opinion, or sexual orientation where the position is one of domestic employment in a private household.

Some examples of discrimination sometimes still occur. In January 2006, news headlines were made by a sperm bank's policy of refusing donations from gay men. In March 2006, the policy was amended. [40] Reportedly, some heterosexual male sperm donors had vetoed the use of their gametes for lesbian couples who seek artificial insemination. [41]

Military service

In New Zealand it has been legal for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender persons to serve in the military since New Zealand's Human Rights Act 1993 ended most forms of employment discrimination against lesbians, gay men and bisexuals. New Zealand military leaders did not oppose the end of military service discrimination. [42] [43] [44] The Royal New Zealand Navy and the New Zealand Police are amongst many government agencies to have adopted "gay-friendly" policies. [45]

Hate crime laws

Section 9(1)(h) of the Sentencing Act 2002 makes it an aggravating factor in sentencing if a criminal offence constituted a hate crime, which includes sexual orientation and gender identity/expression. [46] More recently, New Zealand's LGBT community was concerned about the continued existence of the provocation defence (sections 169 and 170 of the Crimes Act 1961) argument which they held had mitigated the seriousness of homophobic homicides through reducing probable, intentional murder convictions to the lesser charge and penalty of manslaughter (see "gay panic defence").

In 2009, the Crimes (Provocation Repeal) Amendment Act 2009 was enacted to repeal sections 169 and 170. The bill was introduced to Parliament in August 2009 by Justice Minister Simon Power, although its introduction was largely stemmed from the trial for the murder of Sophie Elliott by her ex-boyfriend, rather than the LGBT community. The repeal bill received wide parliamentary and public support, and passed its third reading on 26 November 2009, 116 votes to 5 with only ACT New Zealand opposed, and became effective on 8 December 2009. [47] [48]

Gender identity and expression

Sex reassignment surgery is legal in New Zealand. [49] An individual is permitted to change their name and legal gender on official documents, including birth certificates, if they can provide medical evidence that they have "acquired a physical conformation that accords with their gender identity". [50] Originally, this was only available to individuals who had undergone genital-reconstruction surgery. However, in June 2008, the Family Court ruled that full sex reassignment surgeries are not always necessary to meet this legal threshold. [50]

Sex reassignment surgeries take place largely in private hospitals or overseas. In the 1990s, New Zealand was dubbed a "world leader" for such operations, with comparatively low cost and relaxed public attitudes. In 2014, however, the country's only specialist surgeon retired, leaving transgender people seeking such operations in a state of limbo. Several chose to join the waiting list for publicly funded surgeries, which are limited to only four every two years (three for male to female, and one for female to male), or to go abroad. In October 2018, the Government announced its intention to increase the number of publicly funded operations. At that time, there were 111 people on the waiting list, meaning some had to wait up to 50 years. [51] [52]

The New Zealand Human Rights Commission noted in its 2004 report on the status of human rights in New Zealand that transgender and non-binary people in New Zealand face discrimination in several aspects of their lives, however, the law is unclear on the legal status of discrimination based on gender identity. [53] Currently, the Human Rights Act 1993 does not explicitly prohibit discrimination on the basis of gender. Whilst it is believed that gender identity is protected under the laws preventing discrimination on the basis of either sex or sexual orientation, [54] it is not known how this applies to those who have not had, or will not have, sex reassignment surgery. [53] Some overseas courts have determined that transgender people are covered by prohibitions on discrimination based on sex, but there is also international case law suggesting it is not. [55] Even if it is, it is unlikely to apply to transgender people who have not or will not have sex reassignment surgery. [56] Likewise, placing gender identity under the prohibitions on the grounds of sexual orientation is problematic. While there is some inconsistent international case law, it has been noted that gender identification and sexual orientation are too unrelated for this to be suitable. [56]

The International Commission of Jurists and the International Service for Human Rights in 2007 created the Yogyakarta Principles to apply international human rights law to gender identity and sexual orientation. The first and most arguably most important is that human rights are available to all humans, regardless of gender identity, and that states should amend legislation "to ensure its consistency with the universal enjoyment of all human rights." [57]

This report suggested that transgender people were "one of the most marginalised groups" in New Zealand, leading the Human Rights Commission to publish a comprehensive inquiry entitled "To Be Who I Am" in 2008, which outlined some of the concerns listed below. [58] These concerns are particularly important considering that discrimination and exclusion towards transgender, intersex and gender non-conforming persons has been shown to increase the risk of mental health issues and suicide. [59]

On 10 August 2018, the Government Administration Select Committee discussed the Births, Deaths, Marriages, and Relationships Registration Bill, [60] which was introduced on 10 August 2017 and would amend New Zealand laws relating to legal sex changes. The committee recommended allowing adults to change legal sex by submitting a statutory declaration saying they intend to continue to identify as a person of the chosen sex and understand the consequences of the application. No medical evidence would be required. Minors aged 16 and 17 would be able to do this with the consent of their guardian, confirmation from a health professional that they understand the consequences of the application and that the change is in their interests. The committee also recommended including gender options such as intersex and X (unspecified). [61] [62] [63]

In November 2017, the New Zealand Parliament introduced the Births, Deaths, Marriages, and Relationships Registration Bill to allow people to change the sex on their birth certificates by statutory declaration, avoiding having to go through the Family Court or show evidence of medical treatment to change their sex. [64] The Bill passed its third reading on 9 December 2021 and received the Royal Assent on 15 December 2021. It will make it easier for transgender and non-binary individuals to update gender details on birth certificates. This law comes into effect in 2023. [65]

In September 2022, health advice stating that puberty blockers are safe and fully reversible was scrubbed from the Ministry of Health's webpage following backlash from anti-trans voices. Official correspondence from senior advisors within the MoH stated that the information was "no doubt true" but that the statement was removed regardless in order to create fewer queries from anti-trans campaigners. [66]

Intersex rights

New Zealand laws and policies that prohibit female genital mutilation explicitly permit "normalising" medical interventions on intersex infants and girls. [67] Material presented by the Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group to the Australian Senate in 2013 showed New Zealand to be a regional outlier in surgeries in cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, with genital surgical interventions favoured on infant girls aged less than 6 months. [68] In October 2016, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child issued observations on practices in New Zealand, including recommendations to ensure "that no one is subjected to unnecessary medical or surgical treatment during infancy or childhood, guaranteeing the rights of children to bodily integrity, autonomy and self-determination". [69] A 2016 intersex round table by the Human Rights Commission on genital "normalising" surgeries found that there was a lack of political will to address surgeries, and concerns with service delivery to parents and families, the development of legislative safeguards and a need to test the right to bodily autonomy against the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. [70]

Since November 2011, New Zealand passports are available with an "X" sex descriptor. [71] [72] These were originally introduced for people transitioning gender. [73] Birth certificates are available at birth showing "indeterminate" sex if it is not possible to assign a sex. [74]

In March 2017, representatives of Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand participated in an Australian and New Zealand consensus "Darlington Statement" by intersex community organisations and others. [75] The statement calls for legal reform, including the criminalization of deferrable intersex medical interventions on children, an end to legal classification of sex, protections from discrimination and harmful practices and improved access to peer support. [75] [76] [77] [78] [79]

Conversion therapy

Conversion therapy, the pseudoscientific practice of trying to change an individual's sexual orientation from homosexual or bisexual to heterosexual using psychological, physical, or spiritual interventions, is illegal in New Zealand, since 2022. [80]

There is no reliable evidence that sexual orientation can be changed and medical institutions warn that conversion therapy practices are ineffective and potentially harmful. [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86]

In July 2018, Health Minister David Clark called conversion therapy "abhorrent". In August 2018, Justice Minister Andrew Little announced that a conversion therapy ban could be considered as part of a reform to the Human Rights Act 1993. [87] The Green Party, the Human Rights Commission, the New Zealand Association of Counsellors and every medical organisation in New Zealand support banning the pseudoscientific practice. [88] A petition to ban it was launched in mid-July, and had collected about 10,000 signatures within a week. [89] In mid-August 2018, two petitions to ban conversion therapy were presented to Parliament, with a combined total of about 20,000 signatures. [90] A bill to prohibit conversion therapy was introduced to Parliament in October 2018. It foresees 6–12 months imprisonment and a fine of between 5,000 and 10,000 New Zealand dollars for offenders. [91] [92]

In 2019 the Justice Select Committee reviewed petitions to ban conversion therapy. Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern expressed concerns about the impact conversion therapy could have on vulnerable youth, but said the committee would be "keeping in mind that there will be those who perceive that it's a part of their freedom of expression within their religion". [93] In November 2019 the Justice Select Committee failed to recommend a ban, concluding: "we believe more work needs to be done before any decision is taken to ban it. In particular, thought must be given to how to define conversion therapy, who the ban would apply to, and how to ensure that rights relating to freedom of expression and religion were maintained". [94]

Recent reports have shown that conversion therapy is "widespread" in New Zealand, including the practise of exorcism, therapy, drugs or other means. [95] [96] In a prominent 2016 review, six experts including J. Michael Bailey say there is little scientific evidence to support the efficacy of conversion therapy. [97] The available lab studies which measured arousal responses of men who claimed to have changed their sexual orientation through such treatments still showed arousal responses to men, not women. While people may claim to have changed their orientation through such interventions often due to pressure or shame, their underlying orientation remains the same. [97]

At the 9th New Zealand Youth Parliament, Youth MP Shaneel Lal advocated for a ban on conversion therapy in New Zealand. [98] In 2019, Lal founded the Conversion Therapy Action Group to work towards ending conversion therapy. Lal worked with the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand to deliver a petition of over more than 150,000 signatures to ban conversion therapy. [99]

In late July 2021, Justice Minister Kris Faafoi introduced the Conversion Practices Prohibition Legislation Bill, which seeks to ban conversion therapy in New Zealand. The bill creates two new criminal offences for either the most serious cases of harm or where there is heightened risk of harm. The proposed legislation makes it an offense to perform conversion therapy on anyone with a five years prison term. [100] [101] On 6 August 2021, the Bill passed its first reading with the support of all political parties except the opposition National Party, which wanted provisions protecting parents from prosecution. [102] National's youth wing disagreed with their own party, supporting the legislation. [103] [104] The Justice Select Committee hearing submissions on the Bill received over a 100,000 submissions following Lal's online campaign, breaking the record for number of submissions. [105]

In early February 2022, the National Party abandoned its bloc voting position on the Conversion Practices Prohibition Legislation Bill. The party's new leader Christopher Luxon allowed caucus members to vote on their conscience. [106] [107] The Bill passed its third and final reading on 15 February 2022, becoming law. [80]

Blood donation

The New Zealand Blood Service (NZBS), like many countries, controversially defers any man who has had oral or anal intercourse with another man, with or without protection, in the past three months from donating blood. (Before 14 December 2020, the deferral period was 12 months). [108] The restriction is on the basis that men who have sex with men in New Zealand are 44 times more likely to be infected with HIV/AIDS than the general population, and the HIV testing used is not specific enough (up to 1 in 1000 failure rate) to guarantee a 100 percent HIV-free blood supply. [109]

Politics

Gay rights were a major political issue during the Homosexual Law Reform debates, but have subsequently become much less so. The Civil Union Act 2004 was opposed by nearly half of Parliament, but in tones much more restrained than that of the Homosexual Law Reform era. There has never been a specifically LGBT political party in New Zealand. There has been a succession of unsuccessful fundamentalist Christian political parties in New Zealand or socially conservative political parties less sympathetic to LGBT rights since the introduction of electoral reform in 1993 made proportional representation possible. The Destiny political party, founded to bring "Christian morality" into politics, received only 0.62% of the party vote in the 2005 general election. Christian Heritage New Zealand polled 4.4% as part of the Christian Coalition in 1996 but closed down in 2005 after its former leader Graham Capill was sentenced to nine years' imprisonment after multiple cases of sexual assault against three female children. [110] Future New Zealand, the Kiwi Party, the aforementioned Destiny New Zealand and the Family Party all succeeded it, but none lasted long. Currently, the officially secular Conservative Party of New Zealand, which has yet to gain parliamentary representation, appeals to voters in this area.

A number of openly gay or lesbian politicians have served in New Zealand's Parliament. The first to be elected was Chris Carter, who became the first openly gay MP when he came out shortly after the 1993 election. [111] He lost his seat in the 1996 election, but won it again in the 1999 election and became New Zealand's first openly gay cabinet minister in 2002. Carter united in civil union to his long-time partner of thirty-three years, Peter Kaiser, on 10 February 2007, [112] in the first civil union for a cabinet minister or member of parliament since civil unions in New Zealand were introduced after legislation was passed in December 2004.

Tim Barnett was the first New Zealand MP to be elected as an openly gay man, in 1996. Tim Barnett.jpg
Tim Barnett was the first New Zealand MP to be elected as an openly gay man, in 1996.

Tim Barnett was the first MP to be elected as an openly gay man, in the 1996 election. [111] In 1997, Barnett and Carter started Rainbow Labour as a branch of the Labour Party to represent LGBT people. [113]

Maryan Street was New Zealand's first openly lesbian MP, elected in the 2005 election. [111] She served until 2014, and served as Minister for ACC and Minister for Housing between 2007 and 2008. She was also the President of the Labour Party between 1993 and 1995. However, the National Party's Marilyn Waring had preceded Street, and while she was outed at one point, Waring's strong pro-choice identification and vocal feminism overshadowed her lesbianism, which was then considered a private matter. Since she left Parliament in 1984, Waring has more openly acknowledged her sexual orientation. [114] Chris Finlayson became the first openly gay National Party MP elected to Parliament on his party's MMP party list in the 2005 election. [115] Finlayson was an MP between 2005 and 2019, and a former Minister for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations between 2008 and 2017, and Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage between 2008 and 2014, and served as Attorney-General from 2008 to 2017.

Current openly gay MPs include Grant Robertson, former Deputy Leader of the Labour Party between 2011 and 2013 and Minister of Finance and Minister for Sport and Recreation since 2017 and Minister Responsible for the Earthquake Commission since 2019, Labour MP Tāmati Coffey, Labour MP Louisa Wall, Green Party MP Chlöe Swarbrick, and Green Party MP and Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Justice Jan Logie. [116]

Charles Chauvel joined Grant Robertson as a gay Labour MP from 2006 to 2013. Darren Hughes resigned from the Labour Party caucus in 2011, and National MP Claudette Hauiti served in Parliament between 2013 and 2014. National MP Paul Foster-Bell, who served in Parliament from 2013 to 2017, came out as gay in 2016. [117] Kevin Hague of the Green Party served as an MP between 2008 and 2016.

Georgina Beyer became the first transgender mayor in the world when she became the Mayor of Carterton in 1995. In the 1999 election, she became the world's first transgender MP. She retired from parliamentary politics on 14 February 2007. [118]

After the 2020 general election, 10% of the elected MPs openly identified as LGBT+, giving New Zealand the highest proportion of 'out' elected representatives in the world. [119]

Living conditions

New Zealand is frequently referred to as one of the most LGBT-friendly countries in the world. [120] New Zealand has a visible and open LGBT scene, though small by international standards. Auckland has multiple gay bars, restaurants, clubs, festivals and other venues. Outside Auckland, there are also visible, albeit smaller, LGBT scenes in Wellington, Tauranga, Christchurch, Dunedin, and Hamilton. Several organisations and publications in New Zealand cater to LGBT people.

Pride events

Participants at the Auckland Pride Festival in 2016 Auckland pride parade 2016 29.jpg
Participants at the Auckland Pride Festival in 2016

Gay pride events are legal in New Zealand and were first held in the 1970s. [121] The Hero Parade, the showpiece of the Hero Festival in Auckland, was held annually between 1992 and 2001. Parades were typically attended by more than one hundred thousand people (and at its height, by as many as two hundred thousand). [122] The Hero Festival continues to this day, usually without a flagship parade. In February 2013, however, Auckland held a pride parade, called the Auckland Pride Festival. [123]

Another event is the Big Gay Out, a family event held annually in Auckland at Pt Chevalier's Coyle Park. The numbers of attendees has risen steadily over the past few years and includes appearances from the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition and many other politicians from centre-left and centre-right parties alike, who show their support for the LGBT community. [124]

In Tokelau, Niue and the Cook Islands

Although anti-discrimination laws and laws regarding civil union and same-sex marriage apply in New Zealand, these do not apply in Niue, Tokelau or the Cook Islands due to their separate legislatures. [lower-alpha 1] In Niue and Tokelau the sodomy laws were repealed in 2007, when sections that mention buggery were repealed. [125] The Cook Islands repealed provisions criminalising male homosexuality in 2023.[ citation needed ]

Summary table

Same-sex sexual activity Yes check.svg (Male since 1986; female always legal)
Equal age of consent (16) Yes check.svg (Male since 1986; female always legal)
Anti-discrimination laws in employment Yes check.svg (Since 1993)
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services Yes check.svg (Since 1993)
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) Yes check.svg (Since 1993)
Hate crime laws covering both sexual orientation and gender identity Yes check.svg (Since 2002)
Recognition of same-sex couples Yes check.svg (Since 2002)
Same-sex marriage Yes check.svg (Since 2013)
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples Yes check.svg (Since 2013)
Joint adoption by same-sex couples Yes check.svg (Since 2013)
LGBT people allowed to serve in the military Yes check.svg (Since 1993)
Right to change legal gender Yes check.svg (Since 1993)
Third gender option Yes check.svg (Since 2009) [71]
Access to IVF for lesbian couples Yes check.svg (Since 2004)
Intersex minors protected from invasive surgical procedures X mark.svg
Sexual orientation/gender identity for asylum recognition X mark.svg
Conversion therapy banned Yes check.svg (Since 2022)
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples Yes check.svg [ when? ]/ X mark.svg (Only altruistic surrogacy is legal, commercial surrogacy is banned regardless of sexual orientation)
Gay criminal records expunged Yes check.svg (Since 2018)
MSMs allowed to donate blood Yes check.svg (Since 2020, deferral period of 3 months) [126]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Germany</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Germany rank among the highest in the world and have evolved significantly over the course of the last decades. During the 1920s and the early 1930s, lesbian and gay people in Berlin were generally tolerated by society and many bars and clubs specifically pertaining to gay men were opened. Although same-sex sexual activity between men was already made illegal under Paragraph 175 by the German Empire in 1871, Nazi Germany extended these laws during World War II, which resulted in the persecution and deaths of thousands of homosexual citizens. The Nazi extensions were repealed in 1960 and same-sex sexual activity between men was decriminalized in both East and West Germany in 1968 and 1969, respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Austria</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Austria have advanced significantly in the 21st century, and are now among the most advanced in Europe. Both male and female forms of same-sex sexual activity are legal in Austria. Registered partnerships were introduced in 2010, giving same-sex couples some of the rights of marriage. Stepchild adoption was legalised in 2013, while full joint adoption was legalised by the Constitutional Court of Austria in 2016. On 5 December 2017, the Austrian Constitutional Court decided to legalise same-sex marriage, and the ruling went into effect on 1 January 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Fiji</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Fiji have evolved rapidly over the years, however, LGBT people may still face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. In 1997, Fiji became the second country in the world after South Africa to explicitly protect against discrimination based on sexual orientation in its Constitution. In 2009, the Constitution was abolished. The new Constitution, promulgated in September 2013, bans discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity or expression. However, same-sex marriage remains banned in Fiji and reports of societal discrimination and bullying are not uncommon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Canada</span> Rights of LGBT individuals in Canada

Canadian lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are some of the most extensive in the world. Same-sex sexual activity, in private between consenting adults, was decriminalized in Canada on June 27, 1969, when the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69 was brought into force upon royal assent. In a landmark decision in 1995, Egan v Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada held that sexual orientation is constitutionally protected under the equality clause of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In 2005, Canada became the fourth country in the world, and the first in the Americas to legalize same-sex marriage. In 2022, Canada was the third country in the world, and the first in North America, to fully ban conversion therapy nationwide for both minors and adults.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in the United Kingdom</span>

The rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland have developed significantly over time. Today, lesbian, gay, and bisexual rights are considered to be advanced by international standards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Australia</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Australia significantly advanced over the latter half of the 20th century and early 21st century, and are now ranked among the highest in the world. Opinion polls and the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey indicate widespread popular support for same-sex marriage within the nation. A 2013 Pew Research poll found that 79% of Australians agreed that homosexuality should be accepted by society, making it the fifth-most supportive country surveyed in the world. With its long history of LGBT activism and annual Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras festival, Sydney has been named one of the most gay-friendly cities in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Malta</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Malta rank among the highest in the world. Throughout the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the rights of the LGBT community received more awareness and same-sex sexual activity was legalized on 29 January 1973. The prohibition was already dormant by the 1890s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Norway</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Norway have the same legal rights as non-LGBT people. In 1981, Norway became one of the first countries in the world to enact an anti-discrimination law explicitly including sexual orientation. Same-sex marriage, adoption, and assisted insemination treatments for lesbian couples have been legal since 2009. In 2016, Norway became the fourth country in Europe to pass a law allowing the change of legal sex for transgender people based on self-determination. On 1 January 2024, conversion therapy became legally banned within Norway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in India</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in India have evolved significantly during the 21st century. Indian LGBT citizens still face social and legal difficulties not experienced by non-LGBT people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Oceania</span>

Oceania is, like other regions, quite diverse in its laws regarding LGBT rights. This ranges from significant rights, including same-sex marriage – granted to the LGBT+ community in New Zealand, Australia, Guam, Hawaii, Easter Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Wallis and Futuna, New Caledonia, French Polynesia and the Pitcairn Islands – to remaining criminal penalties for homosexual activity in six countries and one territory. Although acceptance is growing across the Pacific, violence and social stigma remain issues for LGBT+ communities. This also leads to problems with healthcare, including access to HIV treatment in countries such as Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands where homosexuality is criminalised.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Minnesota</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in the U.S. state of Minnesota have the same rights and responsibilities as non-LGBT people. Minnesota became the first U.S. state to outlaw discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity in 1993, protecting LGBT people from discrimination in the fields of employment, housing, and public accommodations. In 2013, the state legalized same-sex marriage, after a bill allowing such marriages was passed by the Minnesota Legislature and subsequently signed into law by Governor Mark Dayton. This followed a 2012 ballot measure in which voters rejected constitutionally banning same-sex marriage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Victoria</span>

The Australian state of Victoria is regarded as one of the country's most progressive jurisdictions with respect to the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in New York</span>

The U.S. state of New York has generally been seen as socially liberal in regard to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights. LGBT travel guide Queer in the World states, "The fabulosity of Gay New York is unrivaled on Earth, and queer culture seeps into every corner of its five boroughs". The advocacy movement for LGBT rights in the state has been dated as far back as 1969 during the Stonewall riots in New York City. Same-sex sexual activity between consenting adults has been legal since the New York v. Onofre case in 1980. Same-sex marriage has been legal statewide since 2011, with some cities recognizing domestic partnerships between same-sex couples since 1998. Discrimination protections in credit, housing, employment, education, and public accommodation have explicitly included sexual orientation since 2003 and gender identity or expression since 2019. Transgender people in the state legally do not have to undergo sex reassignment surgery to change their sex or gender on official documents since 2014. In addition, both conversion therapy on minors and the gay and trans panic defense have been banned since 2019. Since 2021, commercial surrogacy has been legally available within New York State.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Pennsylvania</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania enjoy most of the same rights as non-LGBT residents. Same-sex sexual activity is legal in Pennsylvania. Same-sex couples and families headed by same-sex couples are eligible for all of the protections available to opposite-sex married couples. Pennsylvania was the final Mid-Atlantic state without same-sex marriage, indeed lacking any form of same-sex recognition law until its statutory ban was overturned on May 20, 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Samoa</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Samoa face legal challenges not faced by non-LGBT residents. Sexual contact between men is illegal; punishable by up to seven years imprisonment, but the law is not enforced.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in the Northern Territory</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Australia's Northern Territory have the same legal rights as non-LGBT people. The liberalisation of the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in Australia's Northern Territory has been a gradual process. Homosexual activity was legalised in 1983, with an equal age of consent since 2003. Same-sex couples are recognised as de facto relationships. There was no local civil union or domestic partnership registration scheme before the introduction of nationwide same-sex marriage in December 2017, following the passage of the Marriage Amendment Act 2017 by the Australian Parliament. The 2017 Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey, designed to gauge public support for same-sex marriage in Australia, returned a 60.6% "Yes" response in the territory. LGBT people are protected from discrimination by both territory and federal law, though the territory's hate crime law does not cover sexual orientation or gender identity. The territory was the last jurisdiction in Australia to legally allow same-sex couples to adopt children.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in the Australian Capital Territory</span>

The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) is one of Australia's leading jurisdictions with respect to the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people. The ACT has made a number of reforms to territory law designed to prevent discrimination of LGBT people; it was the only state or territory jurisdiction in Australia to pass a law for same-sex marriage, which was later overturned by the High Court of Australia. The Australian Capital Territory, Victoria and Queensland are the only jurisdictions within Australia to legally ban conversion therapy on children. The ACT's laws also apply to the smaller Jervis Bay Territory.

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 2016.

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transgender rights in New Zealand</span>

Transgender and non-binary people in New Zealand face discrimination in several aspects of their lives. The law is unclear on the legal status of discrimination based on gender identity, and also for intersex people.

References

  1. ↑ Tokelau is a dependent territory. The Cook Islands and Niue are self-governing states that are freely associated with New Zealand. New Zealand law does not apply to these states. See also: Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue.
  1. ↑ "Gay Travel Index" (PDF). Spartacus International Gay Guide. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  2. ↑ "LGBT Rights in New Zealand: What Travellers Should Know Before Going NZ". Queer in the World. 3 December 2018. The Legal Situation In Gay New Zealand. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  3. ↑ Carroll, Aengus (May 2016). "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. p. 183. Retrieved 4 December 2016. In Australia and New Zealand, lesbian, gay, and bisexual people continue to enjoy many legal rights denied to their comrades across the vast majority of the Pacific. New Zealand is the first and only country in Oceania to legalise same-sex marriage, and is the 13th in the world.
  4. ↑ Eldred-Grigg, Stevan (1984). Pleasures of the Flesh: Sex and Drugs in Colonial New Zealand 1840–1915. Wellington: A.H, & A.W. Reed Ltd. p. 47. ISBN   0589015125.
  5. ↑ Thomas, Melody (6 July 2018). "Early Māori view on sexual fluidity far more liberal than previously believed". Stuff. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  6. ↑ "Law and the economy - Setting the framework". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 11 March 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Homosexual law reform – Setting the scene". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  8. ↑ "The death penalty". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 5 August 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  9. ↑ Laurie, Alison J. (5 May 2011). "Lesbian lives". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Birth of the gay movement". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  11. ↑ Guy, Laurie (2002). Worlds in Collision: The Gay Debate in New Zealand, 1960–1986. Victoria University Press. p. 83. ISBN   9780864734389.
  12. 1 2 "Reforming the law". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  13. 1 2 "Human Rights Act 1993 No 82 (as at 15 June 2016), Public Act 21 Prohibited grounds of discrimination – New Zealand Legislation". legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  14. ↑ Schmidt, Johanna (5 May 2011). "Gender diversity – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  15. ↑ "Cross-Examination: The Persecution Game – Historic Convictions for Homosexual Conduct". Equal Justice Project. 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  16. ↑ Cowlishaw, Shane (31 October 2014). "Push to wipe homosexual convictions". Stuff . Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  17. ↑ "NZ Moves To Expunge Historical Convictions For Homosexual Offences". QNews. 28 June 2017.
  18. ↑ "Criminal Records (Expungement of Convictions for Historical Homosexual Offences) Bill - New Zealand Parliament". www.parliament.nz.
  19. ↑ "Parliament apologies for 'profoundly wrong' convictions of gay men". Newshub– via www.newshub.co.nz.
  20. ↑ "New Zealand Parliament Apologises For Historical Gay Convictions". QNews. 6 July 2017.
  21. ↑ "Parliament apologises for homosexual convictions". Stuff. 6 July 2017.
  22. ↑ "Bills (proposed laws)" . Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  23. ↑ "Property (Relationships) Amendment Act 2001". Legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  24. ↑ "Relationships (Statutory References) Act 2005". Legislation.govt.nz. 1 November 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  25. ↑ "Same-sex marriage". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  26. ↑ "Marriage (Gender Clarification) Amendment Bill". New Zealand Parliamentary Votes Database. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  27. ↑ Kate Chapman (30 July 2012). "PM John Key hints at continued support for gay marriage..." Stuff . Retrieved 2 November 2013.
  28. ↑ "Kiwis back gay marriage - poll". Stuff . 7 June 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  29. ↑ "Marriage equality 'about love'". 3 News NZ. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  30. ↑ Yeoman, Greta (14 October 2019). "Marriage equality, five years on: we ask opposing MPs if they'd still vote no". The Spinoff . Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  31. ↑ "Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill - First Reading". Hansard Office, New Zealand Parliament. 29 August 2012. Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
  32. ↑ "Victory for same-sex couples wanting to adopt". Radio New Zealand . 21 December 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  33. ↑ "Are there age limits for adopting a child?". www.cab.org.nz. Citizens Advice Bureau. 16 October 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  34. ↑ "Government plays down gay adoption". The New Zealand Herald . 11 July 2006. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  35. ↑ Summaries of the regulation of assisted reproduction in New Zealand and the legal, ethical and cultural issues often involved in assisted reproduction. acart.health.govt.nz (Report). Advisory Committee on Assisted Reproductive Technology. p. 3.{{cite report}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  36. ↑ "Adoptions Data". Department of Child, Youth and Family. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  37. ↑ "'Outdated' laws for same-sex male couples who want a baby". 1 News. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  38. ↑ "Observation (CEACR) - adopted 1999, published 88th ILC session (2000): Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111) - New Zealand (Ratification: 1983)". International Labour Organisation. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  39. ↑ "Human Rights Act 1993". Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  40. ↑ "'Gay gene' donation row in New Zealand - BioNews". www.bionews.org.uk. 20 March 2006.
  41. ↑ "Male donors put conditions on sperm use". 27 January 2006 – via www.nzherald.co.nz.
  42. ↑ RADM Al Steinman USPHS/USCG (Ret) (December 2008). "President Obama and the Future of Don't Ask, Don't Tell". Gay Military Signal. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
  43. ↑ Estrada, Armando. Attitudes of Military Personnel Toward Homosexuals. Journal of Homosexuality, 37(4), 83
  44. ↑ "Gay support network for NZ military". Newshub. 5 December 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  45. ↑ Limited, iSite Interactive. "Sexual orientation". National Equality Opportunities Network. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  46. ↑ "Sentencing Act 2002 No 9 (as at 23 October 2013), Public Act 9 Aggravating and mitigating factors – New Zealand Legislation". Legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
  47. ↑ New Zealand Law Commission: The Partial Defence of Provocation: Wellington: NZLC: 2007
  48. ↑ Hartevelt, John (27 November 2009). "Parliament scraps partial defence of provocation". The Press . Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  49. ↑ "Gender reassignment surgery". Ministry of Health NZ. Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  50. 1 2 Johanna, Schmidt (5 May 2011). "6. – Gender diversity – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand". New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  51. ↑ New Zealand reduces 30-year wait for gender reassignment surgery. The Guardian, 19 October 2018
  52. ↑ New Zealand to tackle 50-year wait for gender-affirming surgery Archived 16 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine . Gay Star News, 19 October 2018
  53. 1 2 Human Rights Commission: "Human Rights in New Zealand Today – New Zealand Action Plan for Human Rights. August 2004. P.92
  54. ↑ Human Rights Act 1993 s21(1)(m)
  55. ↑ Heike Polster, "Gender Identity as a New Prohibited Ground of Discrimination" New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law. Vol 1 No 1 November 2003 at p180-181
  56. 1 2 Heike Polster, "Gender Identity as a New Prohibited Ground of Discrimination" New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law. Vol 1 No 1 November 2003 at p182-183.
  57. ↑ The Yogyakarta Principles: Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. 2007 p.10
  58. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 1.1.
  59. ↑ Rainbow Youth, Rainbow Communities and the New Zealand Suicide Prevention Action Plan: Briefing Paper for Associate Minister of Health Todd McClay August 2013 p. 3
  60. ↑ "Births, Deaths, Marriages, and Relationships Registration Bill - New Zealand Parliament". www.parliament.nz.
  61. ↑ "Births, Deaths, Marriages, and Relationships Registration Bill - Final report of the Governance and Administration Committee".
  62. ↑ Young, Audrey (12 August 2018). "MPs recommend that gender changes to birth certificates be made easier for applicants" – via www.nzherald.co.nz.
  63. ↑ "Birth certificate gender changes 'will protect trans people from being outed'". Stuff. 10 August 2018.
  64. ↑ "Births, Deaths, Marriages, and Relationships Registration Bill". New Zealand Parliament . Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  65. ↑ "Parliament unanimously passes sex self-identification law, simplifying changes to birth certificates". Stuff . 9 December 2021. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  66. ↑ "Health advice scrubbed due to anti-trans pressure". Newsroom. 24 March 2023.
  67. ↑ Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (June 2016). Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics. Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions. ISBN   978-0-9942513-7-4.
  68. ↑ "Open birth sex assignments do not reduce surgical interventions". Organisation Intersex International Australia. 4 November 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  69. ↑ NZ Human Rights Commission (2016), Intersex Roundtable Report 2016 The practice of genital normalisation on intersex children in Aotearoa New Zealand (PDF)
  70. ↑ United Nations; Committee on the Rights of Child (7 October 2016). Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of New Zealand (PDF). Geneva: United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  71. 1 2 Collins, Simon (4 December 2012). "X marks the spot on passport for transgender travellers". The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  72. ↑ "New Zealand Passports - Information about Changing Sex / Gender Identity" . Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  73. ↑ "Jaimie Veale - Academia.edu, "The prevalence of transsexualism among New Zealand passport holders, passports with an X sex descriptor are now available in New Zealand", 2008" . Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  74. ↑ Department of Internal Affairs. "General information regarding Declarations of Family Court as to sex to be shown on birth certificates" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  75. 1 2 Androgen Insensitivity Support Syndrome Support Group Australia; Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand; Organisation Intersex International Australia; Black, Eve; Bond, Kylie; Briffa, Tony; Carpenter, Morgan; Cody, Candice; David, Alex; Driver, Betsy; Hannaford, Carolyn; Harlow, Eileen; Hart, Bonnie; Hart, Phoebe; Leckey, Delia; Lum, Steph; Mitchell, Mani Bruce; Nyhuis, Elise; O'Callaghan, Bronwyn; Perrin, Sandra; Smith, Cody; Williams, Trace; Yang, Imogen; Yovanovic, Georgie (March 2017), Darlington Statement, archived from the original on 22 March 2017, retrieved 21 March 2017{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  76. ↑ Copland, Simon (20 March 2017). "Intersex people have called for action. It's time to listen". Special Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  77. ↑ Jones, Jess (10 March 2017). "Intersex activists in Australia and New Zealand publish statement of priorities". Star Observer . Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  78. ↑ Power, Shannon (13 March 2017). "Intersex advocates pull no punches in historic statement". Gay Star News . Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  79. ↑ Sainty, Lane (13 March 2017). "These Groups Want Unnecessary Surgery on Intersex Infants To Be Made A Crime". BuzzFeed Australia . Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  80. 1 2 Scotcher, Katie (15 February 2022). "Politicians react as bill to ban conversion therapy passes". Radio New Zealand . Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  81. ↑ Drescher & Zucker 2006 , pp. 126, 175
  82. ↑ Ford 2001
  83. ↑ Cruz, David B. (1999). "Controlling Desires: Sexual Orientation Conversion and the Limits of Knowledge and Law" (PDF). Southern California Law Review. 72 (5): 1297–400. PMID   12731502. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
  84. ↑ Haldeman 1991 , p. 149
  85. ↑ Cianciotto, Jason; Cahill, Sean (2006). "Youth in the Crosshairs: the Third Wave of Ex-gay Activism" (PDF). National LGBTQ Task Force . National LGBTQ Task Force Policy Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2019. There is a growing body of evidence that conversion therapy not only does not work, but also can be extremely harmful, resulting in depression, social isolation from family and friends, low self-esteem, internalized homophobia, and even attempted suicide.
  86. ↑ Glassgold 2009 , p. 91: "As noted previously, early research indicates that aversive techniques have been found to have very limited benefits as well as potentially harmful effects."
  87. ↑ Braidwood, Ella (9 August 2018). "More than 20,000 people call for ban on gay conversion therapy". PinkNews . Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  88. ↑ Robson, Sarah (4 August 2018). "Conversion therapy ban could be considered - Justice Minister". Radio New Zealand . Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  89. ↑ "Petition to ban gay conversion therapy 'once and for all' draws thousands of signatures". 1 News . TVNZ. 26 July 2018. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021.
  90. ↑ MacDonald, Kyle (15 August 2018). "Why gay conversion therapy should be banned". The New Zealand Herald . Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  91. ↑ "'They're not broken' – MP proposes law to ban conversion therapy". 1 News . TVNZ. 31 October 2018. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021.
  92. ↑ "Prohibition of Conversion Therapy Bill". New Zealand Parliament. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  93. ↑ "Jacinda Ardern acknowledges gay conversion therapy is religious freedom for some". Newshub . Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  94. ↑ "Petition of Max Tweedie for Young Labour and the Young Greens: Ban Gay Conversion Therapy - New Zealand Parliament". www.parliament.nz. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  95. ↑ "Gay conversion therapy: Kiwi Paul Stevens shares harrowing experience". Newshub. 7 November 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  96. ↑ "Nothing To Be Proud Of: Conversion Therapy in New Zealand". Equal Justice Project. 10 August 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  97. 1 2 Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul L.; Diamond, Lisa M.; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc (25 April 2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi: 10.1177/1529100616637616 . ISSN   1529-1006. PMID   27113562.
  98. ↑ "Youth MP continues call for ban on conversion therapy, says it's 'state-sanctioned torture'". 1 News. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  99. ↑ "Conversion therapy ban petition: Takatāpui 'inherent to our culture'". RNZ. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  100. ↑ Neilson, Michael (30 July 2021). "Gay conversion therapy to become criminal offence, Justice Minister Kris Faafoi announces". The New Zealand Herald . Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  101. ↑ McClure, Tess (30 July 2021). "'No place in modern New Zealand': government signals conversion practices ban". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  102. ↑ "Conversion therapy: what's in a vote?". Newsroom. 10 August 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  103. ↑ Scotcher, Katie (5 August 2021). "Conversion therapy ban legislation passes first reading at Parliament". Radio New Zealand . Retrieved 6 August 2021.
  104. ↑ Witton, Bridie (5 August 2021). "'Shame': Conversion Therapy bill passes first reading but is opposed by National Party". Stuff . Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
  105. ↑ "Record-breaking number of submissions on law proposing to ban conversion therapy". Stuff . 14 September 2021. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  106. ↑ Manch, Thomas (3 February 2022). "National Party will allow conscience vote on conversion therapy ban, after block voting against it under Judith Collins". Stuff . Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  107. ↑ "National Party to allow conscience vote on conversion therapy ban bill". Radio New Zealand . 2 February 2022. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  108. ↑ Earley, Melanie (14 December 2020). "Blood donation rule change will allow more gay, bisexual men to give". Stuff . Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  109. ↑ "Report to the New Zealand Blood Service - Behavioural Donor Deferral Criteria Review" (PDF). February 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  110. ↑ "Christian Heritage NZ Closing Down". Scoop.
  111. 1 2 3 Matzner, Andrew (2004). "New Zealand" (PDF). glbtq Encyclopedia. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  112. ↑ McNaughton, Maggie; Perry, Keith (10 February 2007). "Minister to marry in gay union". The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 5 February 2010.
  113. ↑ "Inclusiveness and dignity for all Rainbow New Zealanders". New Zealand Labour Party.
  114. ↑ "Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender New Zealand History. Part 4". Queer History New Zealand. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  115. ↑ "The man in the middle". 30 May 2010.
  116. ↑ Contact: Jan Logie MP (15 February 2012). "Jan Logie's maiden speech to the House". Greens.org.nz. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
  117. ↑ "National MP Paul Foster-Bell says Brian Tamaki earthquake 'outburst' inspired him to speak about being gay". Stuff. 4 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  118. ↑ "Twelve Questions: Georgina Beyer". 26 February 2014 – via www.nzherald.co.nz.
  119. ↑ "New Zealand just elected the queerest parliament in the world with one in 10 MPs identifying as LGBT+". PinkNews. 19 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  120. ↑ The Gay Happiness Index. The very first worldwide country ranking, based on the input of 115,000 gay men Planet Romeo
  121. ↑ "A history of Pride in New Zealand – Salient". salient.org.nz. 17 July 2016. Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  122. ↑ "HERO Parade and party, Auckland, New Zealand". qna.net.nz. 18 February 1996. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  123. ↑ "Auckland Gay Pride Parade 2013 - Photos - The Aucklander Pictures". The New Zealand Herald . 20 February 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  124. ↑ "Prime Minister Bill English's first Big Gay Out". The New Zealand Herald . 12 February 2017.
  125. ↑ "Niue Amendment Act 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  126. ↑ "New rules makes it easier for sex workers and gay men to donate blood". TVNZ. Retrieved 15 December 2020.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.