Landing of the Granma

Last updated

Landing of the Granma
Part of the Cuban Revolution
Expedicionarios-del-yate-granma.jpg
Fighters disembarking from the Granma onto the Cuban coast
DateNovember 26 – December 2, 1956
Location
Caribbean Sea
Result
  • Landing delayed 2 days due to bad weather
  • Rebels ambushed by Batistiano forces 3 days later
Belligerents
M-26-7.svg 26th of July Movement Flag of Cuba (sky blue).svg  Cuba
Commanders and leaders
Fidel Castro Fulgencio Batista
Strength
82
Casualties and losses
67 (killed in ambush 3 days later) [1]
The route of Granma from Tuxpan to Playa Las Coloradas Granma-route-mine-20.png
The route of Granma from Tuxpan to Playa Las Coloradas

Granma is a yacht that was used to transport 82 fighters of the Cuban Revolution from Mexico to Cuba in November 1956 to overthrow the regime of Fulgencio Batista. The 60-foot (18 m) diesel-powered vessel was built in 1943 by Wheeler Shipbuilding of Brooklyn, New York, as a light armored target practice boat, US Navy C-1994, and modified postwar to accommodate 12 people. "Granma", in English, is an affectionate term for a grandmother; the yacht is said to have been named for the previous owner's grandmother. [2] [3] [4]

Contents

Background

Exile of Moncada attackers

In 1953, beginning their first attack against the Batista government, Fidel Castro gathered 160 fighters and planned a multi-pronged attack on two military installations. [5] On 26 July 1953, the rebels attacked the Moncada Barracks in Santiago and the barracks in Bayamo, only to be defeated decisively by the far more numerous government soldiers. [6] It was hoped that the staged attack would initiate a nationwide revolt against Batista's government. After an hour of fighting most of the rebels and their commander fled to the mountains. [7] The exact number of rebels killed in the battle is debatable; however, in his autobiography, Fidel Castro wrote that six were killed during the fighting, and an additional 55 were executed after being captured by the Batista government. [8] Due to the government's large number of men, Hunt revised the number to about 60 members taking the opportunity to flee to the mountains along with Castro. [9] Among the dead was Abel Santamaría, Castro's second-in-command, who was imprisoned, tortured, and executed on the same day as the attack. [10]

Numerous important revolutionaries, including the Castro brothers, were captured soon afterwards. During a political trial, Fidel spoke for nearly four hours in his defense, ending with the words "Condemn me, it does not matter. History will absolve me." Castro's defense was based on nationalism, representation and beneficial programs for the non-elite Cubans, justice for the Cuban community, and his patriotism. [11] Fidel was sentenced to 15 years in the prison Presidio Modelo, located on Isla de Pinos, while Raúl was sentenced to 13 years. [12] However, in 1955, yielding to political considerations, the Batista government freed all political prisoners in Cuba, including the Moncada attackers. Fidel's Jesuit childhood teachers succeeded in persuading Batista to include Fidel and Raúl in the release. Fidel Castro left Cuba for exile in Mexico. [13]

Conception

In Mexico, Fidel Castro soon met with Spanish Civil War veteran Alberto Bayo. Castro informed Bayo he had a plan to invade Cuba but had no money for weapons or a single volunteered soldier. Despite the lack of resources Bayo decided to assist Castro's plan because giving military advice would not cost him anything. With time Fidel would be joined by his brother Raul Castro, and his old comrade Antonio "Ñico" López. Lopez would bring Raul Castro to a nearby hospital where an exiled Che Guevara was working as a doctor. Guevara, who had met Lopez previously in Guatemala was invited to meet with Fidel Castro by Lopez. The Castro brothers, Lopez, and Guevara were to be the first volunteers for the expedition. On the evening of July 8, 1954 Guevara and Fidel Castro met in the home of Maria Antonia Gonzalez. The apartment later became a headquarters for the rebels. Castro realised he had little money for his plans and in October travelled to New Jersey and Miami to raise money from Cuban exiles for his invasion. [14]

Preparations

The yacht was purchased on October 10, 1956, for MX$50,000 (US$4,000 in 1956) from the United States-based Schuylkill Products Company, Inc., by a Mexican citizen—said to be Mexico City gun dealer Antonio "The Friend" del Conde [15] —secretly representing Fidel Castro. The builder, Wheeler Shipbuiding, then of Brooklyn, New York, now of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, also built Ernest Hemmingway's boat Pilar. [16] It is still unknown who removed the light armor and expanded the cabin postwar to convert the navy training boat into a civilian yacht. Castro's 26th of July Movement had attempted to purchase a Catalina flying boat maritime aircraft, or a US naval crash rescue boat for the purpose of crossing the Gulf of Mexico to Cuba, but their efforts had been thwarted by lack of funds. The money to purchase Granma had been raised in the US state of Florida by former President of Cuba Carlos Prío Socarrás [17] and Teresa Casuso Morín. [18]

Soon after midnight on November 25, 1956, in the Mexican port of Tuxpan, Veracruz, Granma was boarded surreptitiously by 82 members of the 26th of July Movement including their commander, Fidel Castro, his brother, Raúl Castro, Che Guevara, and Camilo Cienfuegos. The group—who later came to be known collectively as los expedicionarios del yate Granma (the Granma yacht expeditioners)—then set out from Tuxpan at 2 a.m. [19] After a series of vicissitudes and misadventures, including diminishing supplies, sea-sickness, and the near-foundering of their heavily laden and leaking craft, they disembarked on December 2 on the Playa Las Coloradas, in the municipality of Niquero, in modern Granma Province (named for the vessel), formerly part of the larger Oriente Province. Granma was piloted by Norberto Collado Abreu, a World War II Cuban Navy veteran and ally of Castro. [20] The location was chosen to emulate the voyage of national hero José Martí, who had landed in the same region 61 years earlier during the wars of independence from Spanish colonial rule.

Operation

Santiago de Cuba uprising

A rebellion organized by the 26th of July movement and planned by Haydée Santamaría, Celia Sánchez, and Frank País occurred in Santiago de Cuba. It was planned in occurrence with the landing of the Granma. The rebellion happened on November 30 but was destroyed quickly by police. The Granma itself wouldn't arrive in Cuba until days later on December 2. It was made two days late due to bad weather during the voyage to Cuba. [21]

Granma landing

We reached solid ground, lost, stumbling along like so many shadows or ghosts marching in response to some obscure psychic impulse. We had been through seven days of constant hunger and sickness during the sea crossing, topped by three still more terrible days on land. Exactly 10 days after our departure from Mexico, during the early morning hours of December 5, following a night-long march interrupted by fainting and frequent rest periods, we reached a spot paradoxically known as Alegría de Pío (Rejoicing of the Pious). – Che Guevara [22]

Batista predicted correctly that the landing would occur, and his troops were ready. Consequentially, the landing party was bombarded by helicopters and airplanes soon after landing. Since the terrain on the coastline provided little cover, the party was an easy target. [23] Many casualties ensued, most of them during battle at Alegría de Pío  [ es ] further inland. The survivors continued to the foot of Pico Turquino in the Sierra Maestra to perform guerilla warfare. [24]

Initially, Batista did not know who exactly were among the casualties, and international media widely reported that Fidel had died. [25] This was, however, not the case. Of the 82, about 21 had survived. According to the most credible version, the survivors were Fidel, Raúl, Guevara, Armando Rodríguez, Faustino Pérez  [ es ], Ramiro Valdés, Universo Sánchez, Efigenio Ameijeiras, René Rodríguez, Camilo Cienfuegos, Juan Almeida Bosque, Calixto García, Calixto Morales, Reinaldo Benítez, Julio Díaz, Luis Crespo Cabrera,[ citation needed ] Rafael Chao, Ciro Redondo  [ es ], José Morán, Carlos Bermúdez, and Fransisco González. All others had been either killed, captured, or left behind. [26]

Granma yacht expeditioners

The 82 expeditioners were: [27]

  1. Fidel Castro
  2. Juan Manuel Márquez Rodríguez  [ es ]
  3. Faustino Pérez  [ es ]
  4. José Smith Comas
  5. Juan Almeida Bosque
  6. Raúl Castro
  7. Pablo Díaz
  8. Félix Elmuza
  9. Armando Huau
  10. Che Guevara
  11. Antonio López
  12. Teniente Jesús Reyes
  13. Cándido González
  14. Onelio Pino
  15. Roberto Roque
  16. Jesús Montané  [ es ]
  17. Mario Hidalgo
  18. César Gómez
  19. Rolando Moya
  20. Horacio Rodríguez
  21. José Ponce Díaz
  22. José Ramón Martínez
  23. Fernando Sánchez-Amaya
  24. Arturo Chaumont
  25. Norberto Collado
  26. Gino Donè Paro  [ it ]
  27. Julio Díaz
  28. René Bedia
  29. Evaristo Montes de Oca
  30. Esteban Sotolongo
  31. Andrés Luján
  32. José Fuentes
  33. Pablo Hurtado
  34. Emilio Albentosa
  35. Luis Crespo
  36. Rafael Chao
  37. Ernesto Fernández
  38. Armando Mestre
  39. Miguel Cabañas
  40. Eduardo Reyes
  41. Humberto Lamothe
  42. Santiago Hirzel
  43. Enrique Cuélez
  44. Mario Chanes  [ es ]
  45. Manuel Echevarría
  46. Fransisco González
  47. Mario Fuentes
  48. Noelio Capote
  49. Raúl Suárez
  50. Gabriel Gil
  51. Luis Arcos
  52. Alfonso Guillén Zelaya
  53. Miguel Saavedra
  54. Pedro Sotto
  55. Arsenio García
  56. Israel Cabrera
  57. Carlos Bermúdez
  58. Antonio Darío López
  59. Oscar Rodríguez
  60. Camilo Cienfuegos
  61. Gilberto García
  62. René Reiné
  63. Jaime Costa  [ es ]
  64. Norberto Godoy
  65. Enrique Cámara
  66. Raúl Díaz
  67. Armando Rodríguez
  68. Calixto García
  69. Calixto Morales
  70. Reinaldo Benítez
  71. René Rodríguez
  72. Jesús Gómez
  73. Francisco Chicola
  74. Universo Sánchez
  75. Efigenio Ameijeiras
  76. Ramiro Valdés
  77. Tomás Royo
  78. Arnaldo Pérez
  79. Ciro Redondo  [ es ]
  80. Rolando Santana
  81. Ramón Mejias
  82. José Morán

Legacy

Granma Memorial in Havana Pavil Granma.jpg
Granma Memorial in Havana

Soon after the revolutionary forces triumphed on January 1, 1959, the cabin cruiser was transferred to Havana Bay. Norberto Collado Abreu, who had served as main helmsman for the 1956 voyage, [20] received the job of guarding and preserving the yacht.[ citation needed ]

Since 1976, the yacht has been displayed permanently in a glass enclosure at the Memorial Granma adjacent to the Museum of the Revolution in Havana. A portion of old Oriente Province, where the expedition made landfall, was renamed Granma Province in honor of the vessel. UNESCO has declared the Landing of the Granma National Park—established at the location (Playa Las Coloradas)—a World Heritage Site for its natural habitat. [28]

The Cuban government celebrates December 2 as the Day of the Cuban Armed Forces, [29] and a replica has also been paraded at state functions to commemorate the original voyage. In further tribute, the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Cuban Communist Party has been named Granma . The name of the vessel became a symbol for Cuban communism. [30]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Raúl Castro</span> Leader of Cuba from 2011 to 2021

Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz is a Cuban retired politician and general who served as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, the most senior position in the one-party communist state, from 2011 to 2021, and President of Cuba between 2008 and 2018, succeeding his brother Fidel Castro.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cuban Revolution</span> 1954–59 rebellion against the Cuban government led by Fidel Castro

The Cuban Revolution was the military and political effort to overthrow Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship which reigned as the government of Cuba between 1952 and 1959. It began after the 1952 Cuban coup d'état which saw former president and military general, Fulgencio Batista topple the nascent Cuban democracy and consolidate power. Among those opposing the coup was Fidel Castro, then a novice attorney who attempted to contest the coup through Cuba's judiciary. Once these efforts proved fruitless, Fidel Castro and his brother Raúl lead an armed attack on the Cuban military's Moncada Barracks on July 26, 1953. Following the attack's failure, Fidel Castro and his co-conspirators were arrested and formed the 26th of July Movement (M-26-7) in detention. At his trial, Fidel Castro launched into a two hour speech that won him national fame as he laid out his grievances against the Batista dictatorship. In an attempt to win public approval, Batista granted amnesty to the surviving Moncada Barracks attackers and the Castros fled into exile. During their exile, the Castros consolidated their strategy in Mexico and subsequently reentered Cuba in 1956, accompanied by Che Guevara, whom they had encountered during their time in Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Granma Province</span> Province of Cuba

Granma is one of the provinces of Cuba. Its capital is Bayamo. Other towns include Manzanillo and Pilón.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">26th of July Movement</span> Cuban political organization

The 26th of July Movement was a Cuban vanguard revolutionary organization and later a political party led by Fidel Castro. The movement's name commemorates the failed 1953 attack on the Moncada Barracks in Santiago de Cuba, part of an attempt to overthrow the dictator Fulgencio Batista.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Attack on the Moncada Barracks</span> Former military barracks attacked to begin the Cuban Revolution

The Moncada Barracks were military barracks in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba named after General Guillermo Moncada, a hero of the Cuban War of Independence. On 26 July 1953, the barracks was the site of an armed attack by a small group of revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro. That day a simultaneous attack was carried out on the Carlos M. de Cespedes Barracks in Bayamo directed by Raúl Martínez Ararás by order of Castro. The attack failed and the surviving revolutionaries were imprisoned. This armed attack is widely accepted as the beginning of the Cuban Revolution. The date on which the attack took place, 26 July, was adopted by Castro as the name for his revolutionary movement, Movimiento 26 Julio, which eventually toppled the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista on 1 January 1959.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manuel Urrutia Lleó</span> President of Cuba from January to July 1959

Manuel Urrutia Lleó was a liberal Cuban lawyer and politician. He campaigned against the Gerardo Machado government and the dictatorial second presidency of Fulgencio Batista during the 1950s, before serving as president in the revolutionary government of 1959. Urrutia resigned his position after only seven months, owing to a series of disputes with revolutionary leader Fidel Castro, and emigrated to the United States shortly afterward.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abel Santamaría</span> Cuban revolutionary

Abel Santamaría Cuadrado was a leader in the Cuban Revolutionary movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Celia Sánchez</span> Cuban revolutionary, politician, researcher, and archivist

Celia Sánchez Manduley was a Cuban revolutionary, politician, researcher and archivist. She was a key member of the Cuban Revolution and a close colleague of Fidel Castro.

<i>Fidel</i> (2002 film) American TV series or program

Fidel is a 2002 mini-series by David Attwood that describes the Cuban revolution and political career of Fidel Castro. The total duration of the film is 200 minutes, but the video-version is shorter. Gael García Bernal would later reprise his role as Che Guevara in the film The Motorcycle Diaries.

<i>Che!</i> 1969 film by Richard Fleischer

Che! is a 1969 American biographical film directed by Richard Fleischer and starring Omar Sharif as Marxist revolutionary Ernesto "Che" Guevara. It follows Guevara from when he first landed in Cuba in 1956 to his death in Bolivia in 1967, although the film does not portray the formative pre-Cuban revolution sections of Che's life as described in the autobiographical book The Motorcycle Diaries (1993).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Armando Hart Dávalos</span> Cuban politician (1930–2017)

Armando Enrique Hart Dávalos was a Cuban politician and a Communist leader. His grandfather was born in Georgia, USA and emigrated to Cuba as a child.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Juan Almeida Bosque</span> Cuban revolutionary and politician (1927–2009)

Juan Almeida Bosque was a Cuban politician and one of the original commanders of the insurgent forces in the Cuban Revolution. After the rebels took power in 1959, he was a prominent figure in the Communist Party of Cuba. At the time of his death, he was a Vice-President of the Cuban Council of State and was its third ranking member. He received several decorations, and national and international awards, including the title of "Hero of the Republic of Cuba" and the Order of Máximo Gómez.

The Cuban Revolution was the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista's regime by the 26th of July Movement and the establishment of a new Cuban government led by Fidel Castro in 1959.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Che Guevara Mausoleum</span> National site in Santa Clara, Cuba

The Che Guevara Mausoleum is a memorial in Santa Clara, Cuba, located in "Plaza Che Guevara". It houses the remains of the revolutionary Ernesto "Che" Guevara and 29 fellow combatants killed in 1967 during Guevara's attempt to spur an armed uprising in Bolivia. The full area, which contains a bronze 22-foot statue of Guevara, is referred to as the Ernesto Guevara Sculptural Complex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Niquero</span> Municipality in Granma, Cuba

Niquero is a municipality and town in the Granma Province of Cuba. It is located in the coastal region of the province, bordering the Gulf of Guacanayabo. Cape Cruz, the westernmost point of the province is located in this municipality.

Norberto Collado Abreu was the Cuban captain and helmsman of the yacht Granma, which brought Fidel Castro and 81 other rebels to Cuba from Tuxpan, Veracruz, Mexico, in 1956. The 1956 landing of Castro from the Granma in eastern Cuba began the Cuban Revolution which resulted in the termination of President Fulgencio Batista's government in 1959.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Melba Hernández</span> Cuban politician

Melba Hernández Rodríguez del Rey was a Cuban politician and diplomat. She served as the Cuban Ambassador to Vietnam and to Cambodia.

The Cuban Revolution was not only fought by armed rebels on the battlefield but also through the propaganda campaigns designed and orchestrated by Fidel Castro and his rebel comrades. Propaganda in Cuba during the revolution included Castro's use of personal interviews with journalists, radio broadcasts and publicity seeking operations that contributed significantly to the victory of the rebels over Fulgencio Batista's government and provided insight into the successful propaganda campaign established by Castro after gaining power. The limited yet successful revolutionary propaganda apparatus transitioned into what Castro has called "one of the most potent weapons in his foreign policy arsenal." Today the Cuban government maintains an intricate propaganda machine that includes a global news agency, magazines, newspapers, broadcasting facilities, publishing hoes , front groups, and other miscellaneous organizations that all stem from the modest beginnings of Castro's revolutionary propaganda machine.

The Cuban communist revolutionary and politician Fidel Castro took part in the Cuban Revolution from 1953 to 1959. Following on from his early life, Castro decided to fight for the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista's military junta by founding a paramilitary organization, "The Movement". In July 1953, they launched a failed attack on the Moncada Barracks, during which many militants were killed and Castro was arrested. Placed on trial, he defended his actions and provided his famous "History Will Absolve Me" speech, before being sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment in the Model Prison on the Isla de Pinos. Renaming his group the "26th of July Movement" (MR-26-7), Castro was pardoned by Batista's government in May 1955, claiming they no longer considered him a political threat while offering to give him a place in the government, but he refused. Restructuring the MR-26-7, he fled to Mexico with his brother Raul Castro, where he met with Argentine Marxist-Leninist Che Guevara, and together they put together a small revolutionary force intent on overthrowing Batista.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haydée Santamaría</span> Cuban revolutionary and politician

Haydée Santamaría Cuadrado was a Cuban revolutionary and politician, regarded as a heroine in post-revolutionary Cuba. She participated in the assault on Moncada Barracks in Santiago de Cuba on July 26, 1953, an action for which she was imprisoned along with Melba Hernández. She was a founding member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba and one of the first women to join the PCC. She maintained a high position in its leadership throughout her life. Having participated in the attack on the Moncada Barracks, Haydée Santamaría is among a relatively small group of people who were involved in every phase of the Cuban Revolution, from its inception to its fruition.

References

  1. ↑ The Che Guevara Reader Writings on Politics & Revolution. Seven Stories Press. 2022. ISBN   9781644211137.
  2. ↑ Daniel, Frank Jack (November 25, 2006). "Fifty years on, Mexico town recalls young Castro". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 28, 2006.
  3. ↑ Arrington, Vanessa (July 2006). "Roots of Cuban Revolution lie in the east". Fox News. Associated Press. Retrieved January 14, 2007.
  4. ↑ "Down with Imperialism* 12,000 Miles Away". Time . December 2, 2008. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2006.
  5. ↑ "Historical sites: Moncada Army Barracks and". CubaTravelInfo. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  6. ↑ Faria, Miguel A. Jr. (27 July 2004). "Fidel Castro and the 26th of July Movement". Newsmax Media. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  7. ↑ Hunt, Michael H. (2004). The World Transformed: 1945 to the present. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 257. ISBN   9780199371020.
  8. ↑ Castro (2007) , p. 133
  9. ↑ Hunt, Michael (2014). The World Transformed: 1945 to the Present. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 257.
  10. ↑ Castro (2007) , p. 672
  11. ↑ Hunt, Michael (2014). The World Transformed: 1945 to the Present. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 258.
  12. ↑ "Chronicle of an Unforgettable Agony: Cuba's Political Prisons". Contacto Magazine. September 1996. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  13. ↑ Castro (2007) , p. 174
  14. ↑ Skierka, Volker (2014). Fidel Castro A Biography. Polity Press. ISBN   9780745693040.
  15. ↑ Frank Jack Daniel (November 27, 2006). "Fifty years on, Mexico town recalls young Castro". Caribbean Net News. Archived from the original on November 23, 2007. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
  16. ↑ "History – Wheeler Yacht Company". wheeleryachts.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  17. ↑ Thomas, Hugh (March 21, 1998). Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom. Da Capo Press. pp. 584–585. ISBN   0306808277.
  18. ↑ "Humanismo. Mexico City: January-February 1958, No. 4". Sotherbys.com. Sotherbys. Archived from the original on May 8, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
  19. ↑ Guevara, Ernesto. Pasajes de la guerra revolucionaria. "Una revolución que comienza" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on June 12, 2010.
  20. 1 2 "Cuban Revolutionary Collado Abreu Dies". Associated Press. April 3, 2008. Archived from the original on April 7, 2008. Retrieved April 3, 2008.
  21. ↑ Santamaria, Haydee (2003). Haydée Santamaría Woman Guerilla Leader in Cuba Whose Passion for Art and Revolution Inspired Latin America's Cultural Renaissance. Ocean Press. p. x. ISBN   9781876175597.
  22. ↑ Kellner, Douglas (1989). Ernesto "Che" Guevara. World Leaders Past & Present. Chelsea House Publishers. p. 40. ISBN   1-55546-835-7.
  23. ↑ Cuba Libre 2016, 24:00.
  24. ↑ Cuba Libre 2016, 25:00.
  25. ↑ Cuba Libre 2016, 26:00.
  26. ↑ Bonachea, Ramon L.; Martin, Marta San (2011). Cuban Insurrection 1952–1959. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 107n49. ISBN   978-1-4128-2090-5.
  27. ↑ "Lo que brilla con luz propia, nada lo puede apagar". Granma Cuba Si (in Spanish). Retrieved September 3, 2018.
  28. ↑ "Desembarco del Granma National Park". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
  29. ↑ Expedición del Granma. Cuban Ministry of the Armed Forces. Retrieved November 19, 2006.
  30. ↑ Enrique Oltuski (November 29, 2002). Vida Clandestina: My Life in the Cuban Revolution. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 292–. ISBN   978-0-7879-6658-4.

Works cited

23°8′27″N82°21′25″W / 23.14083°N 82.35694°W / 23.14083; -82.35694

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.