Large number of rare events

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In statistics, large number of rare events (LNRE) modeling summarizes methods that allow improvements in frequency distribution estimation over the maximum likelihood estimation when "rare events are common". [1]

In statistics, a frequency distribution is a list, table or graph that displays the frequency of various outcomes in a sample. Each entry in the table contains the frequency or count of the occurrences of values within a particular group or interval, and in this way, the table summarizes the distribution of values in the sample.

It can be applied to problems in linguistics (see Zipf distribution), in various natural phenomena, in chemistry, in demography and in bibliography, amongs others. [2]

Demography The science that deals with populations and their structures statistically and theoretically

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Bibliography academic study of books as physical, cultural objects

Bibliography, as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology. Carter and Barker (2010) describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books and the systematic description of books as objects.

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Good–Turing frequency estimation is a statistical technique for estimating the probability of encountering an object of a hitherto unseen species, given a set of past observations of objects from different species. In drawing balls from an urn, the 'objects' would be balls and the 'species' would be the distinct colors of the balls. After drawing red balls, black balls and green balls, we would ask what is the probability of drawing a red ball, a black ball, a green ball or one of a previously unseen color.

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References

  1. "Statistical estimation for Large Numbers of Rare Events". Department of Linguistics - Home. Retrieved 2019-06-28.
  2. Giorgi Kvizhinadze (2010). "Large number of rare events:Diversity analysis in multiple choice questionnaires and related topics" (PDF). A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington. Victoria University of Wellington.