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Ousmane Sembène, often credited in the French style as Sembène Ousmane which he seemed to favor as a way to underscore the "colonial imposition" of this naming ritual and subvert it, was a Senegalese film director, producer and writer. The Los Angeles Times considered him one of the greatest authors of Africa and he has often been called the "father of African film". Descended from a Serer family through his mother from the line of Matar Sène, Ousmane Sembène was particularly drawn to Serer religious festivals especially the Tuur festival.
Cinema of Africa covers both the history and present of the making or screening of films on the African continent, and also refers to the persons involved in this form of audiovisual culture. It dates back to the early 20th century, when film reels were the primary cinematic technology in use. During the colonial era, African life was shown only by the work of white, colonial, Western filmmakers, who depicted Africans in a negative fashion, as exotic "others". As there are more than 50 countries with audiovisual traditions, there is no one single 'African cinema'. Both historically and culturally, there are major regional differences between North African and sub-Saharan cinemas, and between the cinemas of different countries.
Black Film Review (BFR) was an international publication focusing on films and filmmakers from the African diaspora, with a focus on independent cinema. BFR was published from 1984 to 1995. Its headquarters was in Washington DC.
Kaddu Beykat is a 1975 Senegalese film directed by Safi Faye. It was the first feature film made by a Black African woman to be commercially distributed and brought international recognition for its director. Centred on a romance, it chronicles the daily lives of people in a rural Senegalese village.
Manthia Diawara is a Malian writer, filmmaker, cultural theorist, scholar, and art historian. He holds the title of University Professor at New York University (NYU), where he is Director of the Institute of Afro-American Affairs.
Sarraounia is a 1986 historical drama film written and directed by Med Hondo. It is based on a novel of the same name by Nigerien author Abdoulaye Mamani, who co-wrote the screenplay. The novel and film concern the real-life Battle of Lougou between Azna queen Sarraounia and the advancing French Colonial Forces of the Voulet-Chanoine Mission in 1899. Sarraounia was one of the few African tribal leaders that resisted the advances of French expansionists Paul Voulet and Julien Chanoine. The film won the first prize at the Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO) and was critically well received.
Mahama Johnson Traoré (1942–2010) was a Senegalese film director, writer, and co-founder of the Ouagadougou-based Pan-African Cinema Festival (FESPACO).
Moseka is a 1971 documentary film.
Robert de Nesle (1906–1978) was a French film producer. He controlled the production company Comptoir Français de Productions Cinématographiques (CFPC).
Cinema of Ghana also known as the Ghana Film Industry nicknamed Ghallywood, began when early film making was first introduced to the British colony of Gold Coast in 1923. At the time only affluent people could see the films, especially the colonial master of Gold Coast. In the 1950s, film making in Ghana began to increase. Cinemas were the primary venue for watching films until home video became more popular. The movie industry has no official name as yet since consultations and engagements with stakeholders has been ongoing when a petition was sent to the Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture which suspended the use of the name Black Star Films.
Black film is a classification of film that has a broad definition relating to the film involving participation and/or representation of black people. The definition may involve the film having a black cast, a black crew, a black director, a black story, or a focus on black audiences. Academic Romi Crawford said, "I think a black film is a film work that takes into account in some way the relationship of African-Americans or blacks from the African Diaspora to filmmaking practice, means and industry. For me, it's in that relation between blacks and the film industry. How one engages in that relationship can be a mixture of black director and black acting talent; black director and black content in story; black content in story, no black director; black production money, nothing else that reads as black."
Albert Likeke Mongita, also known as Mongita Likeke (1916—1985) was an actor, dramatist, painter, filmmaker and theatre director from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Mongita was "one of the leaders of the national theatre movement in the decades after World War II".
Cinema in Togo began with German colonial filmmakers visiting Togoland. The French attempted to suppress cinema in French Togoland. After the Togolese Republic gained independence in 1960, Togo's national government encouraged cinema, though government support for cinema lapsed when French funding was withdrawn in the 1990s. More recently, however, the film industry is once again growing in Togo.
The cinema of Gabon has had an uneven history. Though President Omar Bongo and his wife, Josephine Bongo, encouraged filmmaking in the 1970s, there was a 20-year hiatus until filmmaking started to grow again in the new millennium.
Nile Water is a 1928 French drama film directed by Marcel Vandal and starring Jean Murat, Max Maxudian and Lee Parry. Originally made as a silent film, it subsequently had a musical soundtrack added to it. It was the first French sound film, shot using a system owned by Gaumont. However, the system never took off and American and German technology came to dominate.
Women are involved in the African film industry in a variety of roles, though they have been underrepresented in creative positions.
Moussa Kemoko Diakité is a Guinean cinematographer and film director.
Pierre-Marie Dong (1945-2006) was a Gabonese film director, who was also Minister of Culture in Gabon at the end of his life. Along with Charles Mensah and Simon Augé, Dong "is considered the pioneer of Gabonese film".
Zimbabwe has an active film culture that includes films made in Zimbabwe during its pre- and post-colonial periods. Economic crisis and political crisis have been features of the industry. A publication from the 1980s counted 14 cinemas in Zimbabwe's capital city, Harare. According to a 1998 report only 15 percent of the population had been to a cinema. European and American films have been made on location in Zimbabwe as well as Indian films. American films are popular in Zimbabwe but face restrictions limiting their distribution.
The Violent Silence is a 1975 film directed by Moumen Smihi. The film was screened at multiple international festivals and was a critical success.
References
- ↑ Diawara, Manthia (1992). African Cinema: Politics & Culture. Indiana University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-253-20707-4.
- 1 2 3 Heath, Elizabeth (7 April 2005), "Laval Decree", Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.42100, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1
- ↑ Diawara, Manthia; Kindem, Gorham (2000). "Senegal". In Kindem, Gorham Anders (ed.). The International Movie Industry. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-8093-2299-2.
- ↑ Genova, James E. (25 September 2013). Cinema and Development in West Africa. Indiana University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-253-01011-7.
- ↑ Fofana, Amadou. "Cinema in Senegal: A Brief History". Willamette University . Retrieved 5 October 2020.
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