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Constantinople became the de facto capital of the Roman Empire upon its founding in 330, and became the de jure capital in AD 476 after the fall of Ravenna and the Western Roman Empire. It remained the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). Following the Turkish War of Independence, the Turkish capital then moved to Ankara. Officially renamed Istanbul in 1930, the city is today the largest city and financial centre of the Republic of Turkey (1923–present). It is also the largest city in Europe.
The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror.
Mimar Sinan also known as Koca Mi'mâr Sinân Âğâ, was the chief Ottoman architect and civil engineer for sultans Suleiman the Magnificent, Selim II and Murad III. He was responsible for the construction of more than 300 major structures such as the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, the Kanuni Sultan Suleiman Bridge in Büyükçekmece, the Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge in Višegrad, and other more modest projects such as madrasa's, külliye's, bridges, etc. His apprentices would later design the Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul and Stari Most in Mostar.
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Beyoğlu is a district on the European side of İstanbul, Turkey, separated from the old city by the Golden Horn. It was known as the region of Pera surrounding the ancient coastal town Galata which faced Constantinople across the Horn. Beyoğlu continued to be named Pera during the Middle Ages and, in western languages, into the early 20th century.
Istanbul, formerly known as Constantinople, is the largest city in Turkey, serving as the country's economic, cultural and historic hub. The city straddles the Bosporus strait, lying in both Europe and Asia, and has a population of over 15 million residents, comprising 19% of the population of Turkey. Istanbul is the most populous European city and the world's 15th-largest city.
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The city of Istanbul has been known by a number of different names. The most notable names besides the modern Turkish name are Byzantium, Constantinople, and Stamboul. Different names are associated with different phases of its history, with different languages, and with different portions of it.
Neolithic artifacts, uncovered by archeologists at the beginning of the 21st century, indicate that Istanbul's historic peninsula was settled as far back as the 6th millennium BCE. That early settlement, important in the spread of the Neolithic Revolution from the Near East to Europe, lasted for almost a millennium before being inundated by rising water levels. The first human settlement on the Asian side, the Fikirtepe mound, is from the Copper Age period, with artifacts dating from 5500 to 3500 BCE. In the European side, near the point of the peninsula (Sarayburnu) there was a settlement during the early 1st millennium BCE. Modern authors have linked it to the possible Thracian toponym Lygos, mentioned by Pliny the Elder as an earlier name for the site of Byzantium.
El Tiempo was a Ladino language newspaper published in Constantinople/Istanbul in the years 1872–1930. El Tiempo was the first Ladino newspaper published in Istanbul. It was also the longest-running Ladino newspaper in the city. It was published as a daily newspaper, later being converted into a biweekly. It soon became the most influential newspaper of its time, with a circulation of up to 10,000. From July 1882 to 1930 El Tiempo was published three times a week. Politically, the newspaper supported the positions of Turkish reformers.
Servet-i Fünun was an avant-garde journal published in the Ottoman Empire and later in Turkey. Halit Ziya (Uşaklıgil) and the other writers of the "New Literature" movement published it to inform their readers about European, particularly French, cultural and intellectual movements. In operation from 1891 until 1944, it was for its first year a supplement of the newspaper Servet, but became an independent publication from 1892.
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There were multiple newspapers published in the Ottoman Empire.
The Levant Times and Shipping Gazette was a daily newspaper published in Constantinople, Ottoman Empire, in both English and French. J. Laffan Hanly was the editor. It was established in 1868. In addition, to the newspaper published in Turkey, by 1869 it also had a bi-weekly edition distributed in the United Kingdom. Its offices were at Ipsıck Khau, Perchembé Bazaar, in Galata.
Konstantinoupolis, originally Heptalophos or Eptalofos, was a Greek-language newspaper and periodical published in the Ottoman Empire.
Levant Herald was a bilingual newspaper which existed in the period 1856–1914 in Constantinople. It was founded by British subjects of the Ottoman Empire. The paper had English and French language editions. Published more than fifty years it was one of the long-lived publications in the Empire. However, it was banned from time to time during its lifetime.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Seza Sinanlar Uslu (2013). "Un critique français à Constantinople: Régis Delbeuf (1854-1911)" (PDF). Synergies Turquie (in French) (8): 142. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2020.
- 1 2 Sarah Abrevaya Stein (1999). The Creation of Yiddish and Judeo-Spanish Newspaper Cultures in the Russian and Ottoman Empires. Stanford University. p. 99.
- ↑ François Georgeon; Frédéric Hitzel (9 December 2011). Les Ottomans et le temps. BRILL. p. 254. ISBN 90-04-21132-2.
- ↑ Ateş Uslu (2015). "The Levantine Press of Istanbul and the Outbreak of the Great War (1914)". In István Majoros (ed.). Sorsok, frontok, eszmék. Tanulmányok az első világháború 100. évfordulójára (PDF). Budapest: ELTE BTK. p. 250.
- ↑ Edhem Eldem. (21 May 2010). "Istanbul." In: Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Alan Masters. Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing, ISBN 1438110251, 9781438110257. Start and CITED: p. 286. "Originally, the name Istanbul referred only to[...]in the 18th century." and "For the duration of Ottoman rule, western sources continued to refer to the city as Constantinople, reserving the name Stamboul for the walled city." and "With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire[...]all previous names were abandoned and Istanbul came to designate the entire city." // (entry ends, with author named, on p. 290)
- ↑ Ezel Shaw. (27 May 1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vol II, ISBN 0521291666, 9780521291668. p. 386; Robinson (1965), The First Turkish Republic, p. 298
- ↑ "Istanbul, not Constantinople". National Geographic Society. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2019.