Related Research Articles
Asperger syndrome (AS), also known as Asperger's, was previously considered a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction and nonverbal communication, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour and interests. The syndrome is no longer recognised as a diagnosis in itself, having been merged with other disorders into autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It was considered to differ from other diagnoses that were merged into ASD by relatively unimpaired spoken language and intelligence.
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic disorder characterized by mild-to-moderate intellectual disability. The average IQ in males with FXS is under 55, while about two thirds of affected females are intellectually disabled. Physical features may include a long and narrow face, large ears, flexible fingers, and large testicles. About a third of those affected have features of autism such as problems with social interactions and delayed speech. Hyperactivity is common, and seizures occur in about 10%. Males are usually more affected than females.
The diagnostic category pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), as opposed to specific developmental disorders (SDD), was a group of disorders characterized by delays in the development of multiple basic functions including socialization and communication. It was defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).
A pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (Including atypical autism) (PDD-NOS) is one of four disorders which were collapsed into the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in the DSM-5 and also was one of the five disorders classified as a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) in the DSM-IV. According to the DSM-4, PDD-NOS is a diagnosis that is used for "severe or pervasive impairment in the development of reciprocal social interaction and/or verbal and nonverbal communication skills, or when stereotyped behavior, interests, and/or activities are present, but the criteria are not met for a specific PDD" or for several other disorders. PDD-NOS includes atypical autism, because the criteria for autistic disorder are not met, for instance because of late age of onset, atypical symptomatology, or subthreshold symptomatology, or all of these. Even though PDD-NOS is considered milder than typical autism, this is not always true. While some characteristics may be milder, others may be more severe.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that begins in early childhood, persists throughout adulthood, and affects three crucial areas of development: communication, social interaction and restricted patterns of behavior. There are many conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorder such as fragile X syndrome and epilepsy.
Neurodiversity refers to diversity in the human brain and cognition, for instance in sociability, learning, attention, mood, and other mental functions.
The UC Davis MIND Institute is a research and treatment center affiliated with the University of California, Davis, with facilities located on the UC Davis Medical Center campus in Sacramento, California. The institute is a consortium of scientists, educators, physicians and parents dedicated to researching the causes of and treatments for autism spectrum disorders, fragile X syndrome, and other neurodevelopmental disorders. The director of the MIND institute is Dr. Leonard Abbeduto.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to autism:
Developmental disability is a diverse group of chronic conditions, comprising mental or physical impairments that arise before adulthood. Developmental disabilities cause individuals living with them many difficulties in certain areas of life, especially in "language, mobility, learning, self-help, and independent living". Developmental disabilities can be detected early on and persist throughout an individual's lifespan. Developmental disability that affects all areas of a child's development is sometimes referred to as global developmental delay.
Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of disorders that affect the development of the nervous system, leading to abnormal brain function which may affect emotion, learning ability, self-control, and memory. The effects of neurodevelopmental disorders tend to last for a person's lifetime.
XXYY syndrome is a sex chromosome anomaly in which males have 2 extra chromosomes, one X and one Y chromosome. Human cells usually contain two sex chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father. Usually, females have two X chromosomes (XX) and males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). The appearance of at least one Y chromosome with a properly functioning SRY gene makes a male. Therefore, humans with XXYY are genotypically male. Males with XXYY syndrome have 48 chromosomes instead of the typical 46. This is why XXYY syndrome is sometimes written as 48, XXYY syndrome or 48, XXYY. It affects an estimated one in every 18,000–40,000 male births.
Muteness or mutism is defined as an absence of speech while conserving or maintaining the ability to hear the speech of others. Mutism is typically understood as a person's inability to speak, and commonly observed by their family members, caregivers, teachers, doctors or speech and language pathologists. It may not be a permanent condition, as muteness can be caused or manifest due to several different phenomena, such as physiological injury, illness, medical side effects, psychological trauma, developmental disorders, or neurological disorders. A specific physical disability or communication disorder can be more easily diagnosed. Loss of previously normal speech (aphasia) can be due to accidents, disease, or surgical complication; it is rarely for psychological reasons.
Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability in the United Kingdom and formerly mental retardation, is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. It is defined by an IQ under 70, in addition to deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors that affect everyday, general living. Intellectual functions are defined under DSM-V as reasoning, problem‑solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from instruction and experience, and practical understanding confirmed by both clinical assessment and standardized tests. Adaptive behavior is defined in terms of conceptual, social, and practical skills involving tasks performed by people in their everyday lives.
Kanner syndrome, officially childhood autism, was a neurodevelopmental diagnosis before the release of the DSM-5 and ICD-11. It has been superceded by autism spectrum disorder. In daily speech it is often referred to as “classic autism”, or “Kanner autism.”
Several factors complicate the diagnosis of Asperger syndrome (AS), an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Like other ASD forms, Asperger syndrome is characterized by impairment in social interaction accompanied by restricted and repetitive interests and behavior; it differs from the other ASDs by having no general delay in language or cognitive development. Problems in diagnosis include disagreement among diagnostic criteria, the controversy over the distinction between AS and other ASD forms or even whether AS exists as a separate syndrome, and over- and under-diagnosis for non-technical reasons. As with other ASD forms, early diagnosis is important, and differential diagnosis must consider several other conditions.
The autism spectrum, often referred to as just autism, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or sometimes autism spectrum condition (ASC), is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and the presence of repetitive behavior and restricted interests. Other common signs include unusual responses to sensory stimuli, and an insistence on sameness or strict adherence to routine.
Nagwa Abdel Meguid is an Egyptian geneticist and 2002 winner of the L’Oreal UNESCO Award for Women in Science for Africa and the Middle East. Her research has "identified several genetic mutations that cause common syndromes such as the fragile X syndrome and Autism".
Randi J. Hagerman, M.D., is the medical director of MIND Institute at the University of California, Davis. She works for the pediatrics department under the division of child development and behavior. She is an internationally recognized researcher in the field of genetics of autism spectrum disorder with special focus on genomic instability. Along with her husband Paul Hagerman, she discovered the Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), a neurological disorder that affects older male and rare female carriers of fragile X.
Connie Kasari is an expert on autism spectrum disorder and a founding member of the Center for Autism Research and Treatment (CART) at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Kasari is Professor of Psychological Studies in Education at UCLA and Professor of Psychiatry at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. She is the leader of the Autism Intervention Research Network for Behavioral Health, a nine-institution research consortium.
Social (pragmatic) communication disorder (SPCD) - previously called semantic-pragmatic disorder (SPD) or pragmatic language impairment (PLI) - is a disorder in understanding pragmatic aspects of language. People with SPCD have special challenges with the semantic aspect of language and the pragmatics of language. Individuals have difficulties with verbal and nonverbal social communication.
References
- ↑ "Leonard J. Abbeduto - Associate Director of Psychiatry in Sacramento, California, United States Of America | eMedEvents". www.emedevents.com. Retrieved 2019-09-26.
- ↑ "Autism, Community and Technology". bigideas.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-26.
- 1 2 3 Spectrum, Jocelyn Wiener (2016-10-06). "The Parents Who Jump-Started Autism Research in California". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
- 1 2 3 "MIND Institute names new director". Davis Enterprise. 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2019-09-26.
- 1 2 "AUCD - Dr. Leonard Abbeduto is New Editor of the American Journal on Mental Retardation". www.aucd.org. Retrieved 2019-09-26.
- 1 2 3 "LeonardAbbeduto - Association for Behavior Analysis International". www.abainternational.org. Retrieved 2019-09-26.
- ↑ Taking sides : clashing views in educational psychology. Abbeduto, Leonard, 1954-, Symons, Frank James, 1967- (Seventh ed.). [New York]. 2014-04-24. ISBN 978-0078047985. OCLC 837954593.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ↑ Abbeduto, Leonard, 1954- (1998). Guide to human development for future educators. Elliott, Stephen N. Boston, Mass.: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070075115. OCLC 48154971.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Rosenberg, Sheldon.; Abbeduto, Leonard (1993). Language and communication in mental retardation : development, processes, and intervention. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0805803025. OCLC 27641508.
- 1 2 Weyerts, Helga; Rosenberg, Sheldon; Abbeduto, Leonard (September 1995). "Language and Communication in Mental Retardation: Development, Processes and Intervention". Language. 71 (3): 618. doi:10.2307/416236. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 416236.
- 1 2 3 4 "Dr. Leonard Abbeduto, Ph.D. for UC Davis Health". health.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-26.
- ↑ "Browsing UIC Dissertations and Theses by Author "ABBEDUTO, LEONARD JOSEPH."". indigo.uic.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-26.
- 1 2 Marketing, UC Davis Health, Public Affairs and. "Abbeduto receives grant to study language acquisition in fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome". www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-26.
- ↑ NFXF (2013-03-27). "Public Policy at Work: Abbeduto Given $3M NICHD Grant to Study Fragile X". National Fragile X Foundation. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
- ↑ Abbeduto, Leonard; Rosenberg, Sheldon (1985). "Children's knowledge of the presuppositions of know and other cognitive verbs*". Journal of Child Language. 12 (3): 621–641. doi:10.1017/S0305000900006693. ISSN 1469-7602. PMID 4077935. S2CID 40303750.
- ↑ Rosenberg, Sheldon; Abbeduto, Leonard (1987). "Indicators of linguistic competence in the peer group conversational behavior of mildly retarded adults1". Applied Psycholinguistics. 8 (1): 19–32. doi:10.1017/S0142716400000047. ISSN 1469-1817. S2CID 145363840.
- ↑ Abbeduto, Leonard; Hagerman, Randi Jenssen (1997). "Language and communication in fragile X syndrome". Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 3 (4): 313–322. doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2779(1997)3:4<313::aid-mrdd6>3.0.co;2-o. ISSN 1098-2779.
- 1 2 Roberts, Jane; Crawford, Hayley; Hogan, Abigail L.; Fairchild, Amanda; Tonnsen, Bridgette; Brewe, Alexis; O’Connor, Shannon; Roberts, Douglas A.; Abbeduto, Leonard (September 2019). "Social Avoidance Emerges in Infancy and Persists into Adulthood in Fragile X Syndrome". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 49 (9): 3753–3766. doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04051-8. ISSN 0162-3257. PMC 6698894 . PMID 31165359.
- ↑ Loveall, Susan J.; Channell, Marie Moore; Abbeduto, Leonard; Conners, Frances A. (2019-02-01). "Verb production by individuals with Down syndrome during narration". Research in Developmental Disabilities. 85: 82–91. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.11.007. ISSN 0891-4222. PMC 6326887 . PMID 30500721.
