Lichinodium

Lichinodium
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Leotiomycetes
Order:	Lichinodiales ; M.Prieto, M.Schultz, Olariaga & Wedin (2019)
Family:	Lichinodiaceae ; M.Prieto, M.Schultz, Olariaga & Wedin (2019)
Genus:	Lichinodium ; Nyl. (1875)
Type species
	Lichinodium sirosiphoideum; Nyl. (1875)
Species
	L. ahlneri ; L. canadense ; L. saxicola ; L. sirosiphoideum Contents Taxonomy ; Description ; Species ; References ;

Last updated January 06, 2024

Lichinodium is a genus of filamentous lichens. It is the only genus in the family Lichinodiaceae, itself the only member of the order Lichinodiales.^[1]Lichinodium has four species. Previously considered part of the class Lichinomycetes, molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that Lichinodium represents a unique lineage in the Leotiomycetes—the first known group of lichen-forming fungi in this class.

Taxonomy

The genus Lichinodium is typified by Lichinodium sirosiphoideum, first described in 1875 by William Nylander.^[2] Aino Henssen added three species to the genus about a century later.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Lichinodium used to be classified in the Lichinomycetes, but molecular phylogenetic analysis published in 2018 showed that the genus was incorrectly classified there, and that instead it represents a new lichen-forming lineage in the superclass Sordariomyceta (containing the (Leotiomycetes, Laboulbeniomycetes, and the Sordariomycetes), a major fungal group that was not previously known to have any lichenised species. Lichinodium has a sister taxon relationship with the family Leotiaceae, and thus the order Lichinodiales is placed in the class Leotiomycetes.^[6]

Studies using transmission electron microscopy also showed that in Lichinodium, there are no haustoria (microscopic root-like structures) made in the interface between mycobiont and cyanobiont; this difference further distinguishes Lichinodium from the Lichinomycetes.^[6]

Description

Lichinodium lichens form tiny pads of branched filaments comprising threads of cyanobionts surrounded by hyphal cells forming a collar. The apothecia are brownish and gelatinous, with an indistinct proper and thalline margin. Two species are known to produce asexual conidiomata. The photobiont partner of Lichinodium is from Rhizonema , a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria in family Nostocaceae. Lichinodium species generally prefer cool, humid environments, where they grow on conifer twigs, tree trunks, or rocks, sometimes along with or overgrowing other mosses and lichens.^[6]

Species

Lichinodium ahlneri Henssen (1963)^[3]
Lichinodium canadense Henssen (1968)^[4]
Lichinodium saxicola Henssen (1974)^[5]
Lichinodium sirosiphoideum Nyl. (1875)^[2]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leotiomycetes</span> Class of fungi

The Leotiomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi. Many of them cause serious plant diseases.

Gyalectales is an order of lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 5 families, 15 genera and about 550 species.

The Acarosporaceae are a family of fungi in the order Acarosporales. Members of this family have a widespread distribution, and are mostly lichenized with green algae. According to a 2021 estimate, the family contains 11 genera and about 260 species. The family is characterised by a hamathecium formed of paraphysoids.

Lichinales is the sole order of ascomycete fungi in the class Lichinomycetes. It contains three families: Gloeoheppiaceae, Lichinaceae, and Peltulaceae. Most species are lichenized. Lichinales was proposed in 1986 by German lichenologists Aino Henssen and Burkhard Büdel. The class Lichinomycetes was created by Valérie Reeb, François Lutzoni and Claude Roux in 2004.

Gloeoheppiaceae is a family of ascomycete fungi in the order Lichinales. The family contains ten species distributed amongst three genera. Most species are lichenised with cyanobacteria. Species in this family are mostly found in desert areas. Modern molecular phylogenetics analysis casts doubt on the phylogenetic validity of the family, suggesting a more appropriate placement of its species in the family Lichinaceae.

The Lichinaceae are a family of ascomycete fungi. Most species are lichenized with cyanobacteria, and have a distribution largely in temperate regions.

The Baeomycetales are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the subclass Ostropomycetidae, in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 8 families, 33 genera and about 170 species. As a result of molecular phylogenetics research published in the late 2010s, several orders were folded into the Baeomycetales, resulting in a substantial increase in the number of taxa.

Xanthoparmelia is a genus of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Xanthoparmelia is synonymous with Almbornia, Neofuscelia, Chondropsis, Namakwa, Paraparmelia, and Xanthomaculina. This genus of lichen is commonly found in the United States, as well as Australia, New Zealand and Ecuador.

Lichina is a genus of lichens in the family Lichinaceae. The genus contains seven species. These cyanolichens include maritime species such as L. pygmaea or L. confinis, in which the associated cyanobiont has been assigned to the genus Rivularia. Furthermore, evidence of a high specificity of each mycobiont towards particular cyanobiont lineages in both species has been detected.

Stromatella bermudana is a saxicolous (rock-dwelling) crustose lichen. It is the only species in Stromatella, a monotypic fungal genus in the family Lichinaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1989 by German lichenologist Aino Henssen. This species was originally described as Psorotichia bermudana by US botanist Lincoln Ware Riddle in 1916, from specimens collected in Bermuda.

Zahlbrucknerella is a genus of filamentous, rock-dwelling lichens in the family Lichinaceae.

Sagiolechia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Sagiolechiaceae. The genus was circumscribed by lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo in 1854, who assigned Sagiolechia protuberans as the type species. The family Sagiolechiaceae was proposed in 2010 to contain Sagiolechia as the type genus, and genus Rhexophiale; molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that these two genera formed a distinct clade in the Ostropales.

The Arctomiaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota, class Baeomycetales. The family was named by Theodor Magnus Fries in 1861, with Arctomia as the type genus. Species in this family are found in arctic and subarctic habitats, usually associated with bryophytes.

Lichinodium ahlneri is a species of filamentous lichen belonging to the family Lichinodiaceae. Described as a new species in 1963 by Aino Henssen, the specific epithet honours Swedish lichenologist Sten Ahlner.

Roccellinastrum is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pilocarpaceae. It has seven species.

Xylographaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Baeomycetales. It contains four genera and 25 species.

Harpidiaceae is a small family of lichen-forming fungi, containing two genera and five species. It is of uncertain classification in the Pezizomycotina.

Pyrenidium is a genus of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungi. It is the only genus in the family Pyrenidiaceae. It has 13 species.

Watsoniomyces is a single-species fungal genus in the family Lichinaceae. It contains the saxicolous (rock-dwelling) crustose lichen Watsoniomyces obsoletus.

The Pyrenotrichaceae are a small family of fungi in the order Chaetothyriales. It contains two genera, and a total of six species. The genus Pyrenothrix has two species of bark- or leaf-dwelling lichens, while Neophaeococcomyces has four species of saprobic fungi.

References

↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 . hdl: 10481/61998 .
1 2 Nylander, W. (1875). "Addenda nova ad lichenographiam Europaeam. Contin. XXI". Flora (Regensburg) (in Latin). 58: 297–303.
1 2 Henssen, A. (1963). Eine Revision der Flechtenfamilien Lichinaceae und Ephebaceae. Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis (in German). Vol. 18. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. pp. 1–123.
1 2 Henssen, Aino (1968). "A new Lichinodium species from British Columbia". The Bryologist. 71 (3): 271–274. doi:10.2307/3240695. JSTOR 3240695.
1 2 Henssen, Aino (1974). "New or interesting cyanophilic lichens II". The Lichenologist. 6 (1): 106–111. doi:10.1017/s0024282974000089. S2CID 250348471.
1 2 3 Prieto, Maria; Schultz, Matthias; Olariaga, Ibai; Wedin, Mats (2018). "Lichinodium is a new lichenized lineage in the Leotiomycetes". Fungal Diversity. 94 (1): 23–39. doi: 10.1007/s13225-018-0417-5 .

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[Wijayawardene_et_al._2020-1] Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 . hdl: 10481/61998 .

[Nylander_1875-2] 1 2 Nylander, W. (1875). "Addenda nova ad lichenographiam Europaeam. Contin. XXI". Flora (Regensburg) (in Latin). 58: 297–303.

[Henssen_1963-3] 1 2 Henssen, A. (1963). Eine Revision der Flechtenfamilien Lichinaceae und Ephebaceae. Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis (in German). Vol. 18. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. pp. 1–123.

[Henssen_1968-4] 1 2 Henssen, Aino (1968). "A new Lichinodium species from British Columbia". The Bryologist. 71 (3): 271–274. doi:10.2307/3240695. JSTOR 3240695.

[Henssen_1974-5] 1 2 Henssen, Aino (1974). "New or interesting cyanophilic lichens II". The Lichenologist. 6 (1): 106–111. doi:10.1017/s0024282974000089. S2CID 250348471.

[Prieto_et_al._2018-6] 1 2 3 Prieto, Maria; Schultz, Matthias; Olariaga, Ibai; Wedin, Mats (2018). "Lichinodium is a new lichenized lineage in the Leotiomycetes". Fungal Diversity. 94 (1): 23–39. doi: 10.1007/s13225-018-0417-5 .

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