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The Gulag Archipelago: An Experiment in Literary Investigation is a three-volume non-fiction series written between 1958 and 1968 by Russian writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, a Soviet dissident. It was first published in 1973 by the Parisian publisher YMCA-Press, and it was translated into English and French the following year. It explores a vision of life in what is often known as the Gulag, the Soviet labour camp system. Solzhenitsyn constructed his highly detailed narrative from various sources including reports, interviews, statements, diaries, legal documents, and his own experience as a Gulag prisoner.
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Kulak, also kurkul or golchomag, was the term which was used to describe peasants who owned over 8 acres of land towards the end of the Russian Empire. In the early Soviet Union, particularly in Soviet Russia and Azerbaijan, kulak became a vague reference to property ownership among peasants who were considered hesitant allies of the Bolshevik Revolution. In Ukraine during 1930–1931, there also existed a term of podkulachnik ; these were considered "sub-kulaks".
A kolkhoz was a form of collective farm in the Soviet Union. Kolkhozes existed along with state farms or sovkhoz. These were the two components of the socialized farm sector that began to emerge in Soviet agriculture after the October Revolution of 1917, as an antithesis both to the feudal structure of impoverished serfdom and aristocratic landlords and to individual or family farming.
The Triumph of the Farmer or Industry and Parasitism is a treatise by Russian peasant philosopher Timofei Bondarev. The work details Bondarev's labor philosophy, in particular his idea of "bread-labor", by which every man is responsible for the physical labor required to sustain himself. The treatise captivated writer Leo Tolstoy, who began a long correspondence with Bondarev and endeavored for years to see the work published. An abbreviated version was published in 1888, and the full work was published in 1906.
References
- ↑ Josh Sanborn (March 1996). "Memoirs of Peasant Tolstoyans in Soviet Russia (book review)". H-Net Reviews.
- ↑ Karen Christensen and David Levinson (2003). Encyclopedia of Community. Sage Publications Inc. (Thousand Oaks, California). p. 713. ISBN 9780761925989.
- 1 2 Alston 2013, p. 43.
- ↑ Alston 2013, p. 41.
- ↑ Alston 2013, p. 44.
- ↑ Alston 2013, pp. 44–45.
- ↑ Alston 2013, p. 45.
- ↑ Alston 2013, pp. 45–46.
- ↑ Alston 2013, p. 46.