List of bog bodies

This is a list of bog bodies in order of country in which they were first discovered. Bog bodies, or bog people, are the naturally preserved corpses of humans and some animals recovered from peat bogs. The bodies have been most commonly found in the Northern European countries of Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Ireland. Reports of bog bodies surfaced during the early 18th century. ^[1]

In 1965, the German scientist Alfred Dieck catalogued more than 1,850 bog bodies, but later scholarship revealed much of Dieck's work was erroneous. ^[2] Hundreds of bog bodies have been recovered and studied, ^[3] although it is believed that only around 45 bog bodies remain intact today. ^[4]

How to use this list

• There may be more than one name in the "name" category, which may also be used to show alternate spellings for names of the bog body.
• The location category shows the city or state in which the bog body was discovered, although some bog bodies are discovered on borders between countries.
• The carbon-14 dating is used to determine an age range based on examination of the half lives of carbon isotopes.
• The "sex" category describes whether the find was male, female or undetermined.
• The "description" category depicts examination details as well as physical characteristics of the body. Some sections may state Little is published about this find, meaning that there is little or no sufficient information published about the bog body.

List

Denmark

Name	Other names	Location	Age (carbon-14 dating)	Sex	Year discovered	Image	Description
Arden Woman	Bredmose Woman	Himmerland	1400 BCE	Female	1942		The Arden Woman was found in the Bredmose bog in the Parish of Store Arden, Hindsted, Denmark. Police said the corpse was found in a 'question mark' shape. After the remains were completely unearthed they were moved into a nearby barn. Her hair was dark blond and was drawn into two pigtails and coiled around the top of her head. Over the hair was a bonnet, which was made using a sprang technique. Unlike some bog bodies, she was found with other garments. She was around the age of 20–25 years old. No signs of violence were found on her body. [5] The body remains at the National Museum of Copenhagen. [6]
Auning Woman		Midtjylland	1st century BC/AD	Female	1886		She was found with several wool and skin garments. Because she was found with several sticks on top of her body, it may be possible that she had been pinned down in the bog to keep her remains from surfacing. [5]
Borremose Man	Borre Fen Man	Himmerland	700 BCE	Male	1946		The man was found with his skull crushed and his leg broken. A rope was also found around his neck, indicating death by hanging or strangulation. [7] [8] Examination of bog bodies such as Cashel Man have led scientists to speculate that wounds such as broken bones may have occurred after death due to the weight of the peat. [9] The body is in storage at the National Museum of Copenhagen. [7]
Borremose II		Himmerland	400 BCE	Presumed Female	1947		The bog body was lying face down at a depth of two feet on a base of birch bark. Birch branches were also found in the immediate vicinity and, directly on top of the body, were three approximately 10-centimeter-long birch poles of the same thickness. The skull was fractured and the brain was visible. The right leg was broken ten inches below the knee, which was caused by the weight of peat on the body. [10] The upper body was naked, but the lower body and legs were covered by a cloak made of a four-layered twill fabric and a fringed shawl. These two articles of clothing are now on display at the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen. In addition, there were other objects found with her: half a clay pot, placed on the knees of the corpse, along with half a humerus and half a radius of a human infant beside her. Around the neck of the bog body was a leather belt with an amber bead and a brass disk 22–23 millimeters in diameter. [8]
Borremose III	Borremose Woman	Himmerland	750 BCE	Female	1948		The Borremose Woman was discovered lying face down with the scalp separated from the body. The woman was described to be obese, and was wrapped in a woolen cloak. Borremose Woman is not currently on display, but is stored at the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen. The age of the woman at the time of her death was approximately 20–35 years old. [10] Like the other Borremose discoveries, the woman appeared to have violent injuries. [8] She was previously thought to have been scalped as well as having her skull crushed as the cause of death, but studies show these happened after death due to movement of the peat in the bog. [8] [10] Studies of the woman's face and neck showed no signs of bleeding, meaning that the injuries to the face had occurred after death. [11]
Elling Woman		Silkeborg	280 BCE	Female	1938		The body was wrapped in a sheepskin cape with a leather cloak tied around the woman's legs. [8] [12] The face of the woman was poorly preserved as well as no traces of organs inside of the body. [13] The woman was hanged like the Tollund Man, who was found in the same bog twelve years later. This body is often recognized by its 90 centimeter braid, which was tied into an elaborate knot. [8] [13] Elling Woman is believed to have been a human sacrifice. [14]
Frær Mose Foot	Frærmose Woman	Denmark	Undetermined	Male	1842		The foot was unearthed four feet under the surface of the bog. A well preserved wool garment and a shoe were found with the human remains. [15] The foot was initially thought to have belonged to a woman based on its small size, but recent studies now suggest that the foot belonged to a man. [16]
Gadevang Man		Zealand	480–60 BCE [17]	Male	1940		This bog body was found completely skeletonized. Examination revealed that he was approximately 35–50 years of age at the time of his death. A hole in his skull shows evidence of primitive surgery. [18]
Grauballe Man		Jutland	290 BCE	Male	1952		Studies show Grauballe Man was most likely a ritual sacrifice victim. His fingers had been so perfectly preserved in the bog that researchers were able to take his fingerprints, as with Old Croghan Man [ citation needed ]. The man's face has been reconstructed to show what he had looked like when he was alive. [8] [19]
Haraldskær Woman	Haraldskjaer Woman	Jutland	500–401 BCE	Female	1835		For some time, The Haraldskær Woman was thought to have been the Norwegian Queen Gunnhild, until carbon-14 dating proved she was much older. Studies show she was around 50 years old and in good health when she died. Her clothing was placed on top of her naked body. [20] [21]
Huldremose Woman	Huldre Fen Woman, Huldre Woman	Ramten, Midtjylland	160 BCE–340 CE	Female	1879		Huldremose Woman is the name of the bog body of an Iron Age woman discovered in 1879 near Ramten, Jutland. The body, found clothed in a wool skirt and two skin capes, dated between 160 BCE and 340 CE. At the time of death, the woman was more than 40 years old. [22] Her right arm was severed, but the injury probably occurred by shovels during the unearthing of the body. A wool cord tied her hair and enveloped her neck, but forensic analysis found no indication of death by strangulation. [23] According to recent isotope analysis, parts of her clothing's wool had been imported from northern Norway or Sweden. [24]
Nederfrederiksmose body	Kraglund Man, Frederiksdal Man	Nordjylland	1040–1155 AD	Presumed male	1898		The first bog body to be photographed before being moved from where it was discovered. [25] [26]
Koelbjerg Man		Syddanmark	8000 BCE	Male	1941		Thought to be the oldest bog body to date, [27] he was around 25 years of age when he died. There were no traces of violence found on the skeletal remains. According to recent[ when? ] DNA analysis the body, previously believed to be that of a woman, is actually male.[ citation needed ]
Porsmose Man		Zealand	2600 BCE	Male	1946		This skeletonized bog body was that of a 35–40-year-old man [28] that was found in 1946. The skeleton is most famous for the arrowhead which pierced the man's nose, but he was not killed by this wound; but rather by an arrow that pierced his aorta. The arrows are presumed to have been shot from a close distance and from above. [28]
Rappendam Woman		Frederiksborg	160 BCE	Female	1941–1942		The skeletonized remains were discovered along with birch hazel sticks with wooden wheels. [29]
Roum Man	Roum Woman	Himmerland	Iron Age	Male [30] [31]	1942		Only the severed head of the body was found. The young man was around 20 years old at the time he died. The find was originally titled as "Roum Woman" until traces of beard stubble were found on the face. [30] The sheepskin that the head was wrapped in dates to the early Iron Age. [5]
Sigersdal Skeletons		Zealand	3650–3140 BCE	Presumed male [32]	1949		These two people were around 16 and 19 when they died. One skull had a very large trauma wound on its left side. [33]
Søgårds Mose Man (I)		Jutland	356 BCE – 116 CE	Male	1942		The body of a man found next to three sheepskin capes, calfskin shoes and a dog's skin cap. [34]
Søgårds Man (II)		Jutland			1944		Only the arms and legs of the body were preserved. [35]
Sorø Skeletons		Lolland	3500 BCE	Male	1942		The collective name for two skeletons with deformities and evidence of surgery. [36]
Stidsholt Woman	Stidsholtmose Woman	Jutland	Undetermined	Female	1859		The Stidsholt Woman is the severed head of a woman discovered in 1859. [37] [38] She was decapitated by a blow to the third and fourth vertebrae. Her hair is a dark red, which comes from the chemicals in peat bogs. Her hair had been tied into a knot, and fastened with a woven band, which was destroyed. [37] [38] Her head was never scientifically dated, and the rest of her body was never found. [37] Her hair was 51 cm (20 inches) long. She is also known as the Stidsholt Fen Woman and the Stidsholtmose Woman. [38] Her head is on display in the Copenhagen Museum in Denmark. [39]
Tollund Man		Silkeborg	400 BCE	Male	1950		The Tollund Man has been noted for the excellent preservation of his facial features. The corpse was found in early May 1950 when a family had been harvesting peat from a bog, near the town of Silkeborg. With the body, a sheepskin cap and a belt were found, although no additional article of clothing was preserved, probably because they had decomposed. He also had a noose around his neck, indicating that he was hanged. Only his head remains original in his museum display due to lack of preservation knowledge at the time of discovery. It is believed that the Tollund Man was a ritual sacrifice victim. [40] The Elling Woman had been discovered twelve years earlier, hanged as well, 80 meters from his discovery site. [14]
Valmose bodies		Jutland	380 BCE and 225-230 BCE	Female	Unknown		Two adult skeletons of women were found with fragments of pottery and two other incomplete human skeletons of undetermined genders. A vast amount of animal remains were also found, including horses and oxen. [41]
Vester Thorsted Man		Vejle	145 – 95 BCE	Male	1913		The man's body was discovered wearing a leather cloak, two feet below the surface of the bog. [42]
Vittrup Man		Vittrup	3100 - 3300 BCE	Male	1915		The man's right anklebone, lower left shinbone, jawbone and fragmented skull were found in the bog. Researchers estimate he was hit over the head at least eight times with a wooden club that was found with the skeletal fragments. [43]

Germany

Name	Other names	Location	Age (carbon-14 dating)	Sex	Year discovered	Image	Description
Ahlintel Man		North Rhine-Westphalia	Undetermined	Male	1794		[44]
Girl of the Bareler Moor		Lower Saxony	260–395 CE	Female	1784		Due to the over-sampling of the remains, only the skin of the right side of the chest has survived today (marked red on image).
Bentstreek leg	Bentstreek foot	Lower Saxony	80–210 CE	Undetermined	1955		The leg was thought to have been lying above ground for months before it was discovered. [45]
Bernuthsfeld Man		Lower Saxony	680–775 CE	Male	1907		Bernuthsfeld Man was discovered on 24 May 1907 when peat workers unearthed his skeleton and clothing. His heavily worn tunic was patched out of 45 single pieces of cloth, out of 20 different fabrics in 9 different weaving patterns. [46]
Borsteler Moor body		Lower Saxony	Undetermined	Undetermined	1921		[47]
Bremervörde Gnattenbergswiesen body		Lower Saxony	634–689 CE	Presumed Female	1934		An incomplete early medieval bog skeleton.
Bunsoh Man	Bunsoh body	Schleswig-Holstein	560–620 CE	Male	1890		The corpse was discovered 100 cm below the surface of the bog on 17 May 1890 by peat workers. Along with a woolen textile (pictured), many birch branches were found over the body. After the body had been moved to storage, it had decomposed severely. It is unknown what the cause of death was, although it is thought by some that the type of textile was used as a garrote or for strangulation. [48]
"Bog Dog"	Bog dog from Burlage	Lower Saxony	1477–1611 CE	Male	1953		The dog's fur remains well preserved, colored reddish after being in the bog for so long. The skeleton remains intact, despite parts of the skull that are missing. The dog was believed to have been from around juvenile to adult when he died. [49]
Damendorf I	Damendorf Woman	Schleswig-Holstein	Pre-Roman Iron Age	Presumed Female	1884		Only the clothing of this bog body has survived. [50]
Damendorf Man	Damendorf II	Schleswig-Holstein	300 BCE	Male	1900		Damendorf Man is currently on display at the Archäologisches Landesmuseum in Schleswig, Germany. The weight of the peat in the bog had flattened his body with only traces of bone left. [1] Hair, skin, nails, and his few clothes were also preserved. [51] He was found with a leather belt, shoes, and a pair of breeches. [52]
Damendorf Girl [50]		Schleswig-Holstein	810 BCE	Female	1934		The body of an approximately 14-year-old girl was found along with some clothing. [53]
Dätgen I		Schleswig-Holstein	Iron Age	Undetermined	1906		Only the clothing of the body has survived. Little is published about this find.
Dätgen Man		Schleswig-Holstein	135–385 CE	Male	1959		The Dätgen Man was found in 1959 near Dätgen, Germany. He had been stabbed, beaten, and decapitated. His severed head was found 3 metres (10 feet) from his body. He is not believed to have been sacrificed, but to have been killed and then mutilated, perhaps to prevent him from be coming a "wiedergänger", similar to a zombie. [54] His severed head displayed a Suebian knot.
Esterweger Dose Child		Lower Saxony	1164 CE	Undetermined	1939		This completely skeletonized bog body of undetermined sex was either oversampled, lacked preservation or sustained damage during World War II. Surviving bones are marked red on image.
Getelo bodies		Lower Saxony	Undetermined	One male and two females	1857		A man and two women discovered in Getelo, Germany [47]
Hesel bodies		Lower Saxony	Undetermined	Female	1914		[47]
Hogenseth Man		Lower Saxony	Undetermined	Male	1920		The Hogenseth Man was around 40–60 years old when he died. Because the body was left uncovered over night, the remains had been destroyed by townsfolk. Because of this, no carbon-14 dating could have been done. [55]
Hunteburg Foot		Lower Saxony	1215–1300 CE	Undetermined	1938		The Hunteburg foot was found with a long shafted boot.
Hunteburg Men (Hunteburg I + II)	Grossenmoor Men	Lower Saxony	245–450 CE	Male	1949		Two men were found buried in the same grave and wrapped in cloaks. Their bodies were lost during conservation.
Hunteburg III		Lower Saxony	40 BCE – 70 CE	Male	1949		Little is published about this find.
Husbäke I		Lower Saxony	1000–300 BCE	Male	1931		This specimen had deteriorated so severely that it was destroyed during the 1950s.
Husbäke Man	Husbake II near Edewecht	Lower Saxony	57–420 CE	Male	1936		The man was found in 1936, lying face down in a bog in Ammerland, Germany. He had eaten fish before his death (in the Roman period) according to analysis of his intestines. He was around 20 to 25 years old at the time of his death. [56] His face was reconstructed to show what he may have looked like when he was alive. [57]
Johann Spieker	Jan Spieker	Lower Saxony	1828 CE	Male	1978		The preserved body of Johann Spieker was found in the Goldenstedter moor. Spieker was a hawker who had disappeared in the bog. The body was later reburied at the scene. [58]
Jührdenerfeld Man	Bockhornerfeld Man	Lower Saxony	400 BCE-1 AD	Male	1934		The body was discovered lying on its right side. Like the Windeby bodies, Dätgen man, and other bog bodies, some sticks were on top of him, probably to hold his body down. A piece of wool fabric and an animal skin cape were found on top of his body. He is currently on display at the Landesmuseum Natur und Mensch with the Husbäke man in Oldenburg, Germany. [59]
Kayhausen Boy		Lower Saxony	300–400 BCE	Male	1922		The boy is believed to have died between the ages of seven to ten years of age. [60] The boy had been bound and stabbed several times, on his throat and arm. [37] [61] The child had an infected socket at the top of his femur and would not have been able to walk without assistance. [62] The boy's body is preserved in a formalin solution and is not displayed.
Kreepen Man	Brammer Man [50] Kreepen-Brammer Man	Lower Saxony	1440–1625 CE	Male	1903		The body of a bearded man was found lying face down on 9 or 10 June 1903. No clothing was found on the body, although stones and twigs were nearby. [63] The remains were destroyed during World War II, but was dated after a piece of his hair was found.
Landegge Man		Lower Saxony	Undetermined	Male	1861		[47]
Marx-Sapelstein Woman		Lower Saxony	Undetermined	Female	1861		[47]
Neu England Man		Lower Saxony	140–320 CE	Male	1941		This man was believed to be from 40 to 50 years old when he died. [64]
Neu Versen Man	"Roter Franz"	Lower Saxony	220–430 CE	Male	1900		The Neu Versen Man, also known as Roter Franz (meaning Red Franz in English), was discovered in 1900 in the Bourtanger Moor on the border of Germany and the Netherlands. The body dates to 220–430 CE of the Roman Iron Age. [65] The nickname of Red Franz derived from his red hair and beard. It was discovered that he was killed by having his throat slit, along with an arrow wound and a broken shoulder. [25] [66]
Obenaltendorf Man		Lower Saxony	380 CE	Male	1895		Little remains of the body, but the clothing was preserved fairly well. Apart from clothing, a pair of silver burlocks were found. [67]
Oberdorla Woman		Thuringia	Undetermined	Female	1959–1964		[44]
Osterby Man		Schleswig-Holstein	70–220 CE [52]	Male	1948		Osterby Man was discovered in a bog near Osterby, Germany, when two peat cutters were working. They unearthed the head two feet below the surface, wrapped in a roedeer skin cape. Scientists from the Archäologisches Landesmuseum Schleswig-Holstein estimated the man to have been around 50–60 years of age when he was killed. The man was decapitated; no other part of his body was ever found. His hair had probably been a light blond or gray color, but immersion in the bog had turned it red. [68] It is tied in the Suebian knot hairstyle, which the Roman historian Tacitus described as typical of free men of the Suebi tribe. [69] The head is mainly a skull, but there is still a small amount of skin on it. [70] The cause of the man's death was a blow to the left temple. [69] A 2007 re-examination showed that the jawbone did not belong on the skull. [68]
Pangerfilze Man		Bavaria	1700–1800 CE	Male	1927		No remains of the body have survived. This is because the body had possibly been destroyed during WWII. Little is published about this find.
Peiting Woman	"Rosalinde"	Bavaria	1380–1440 CE	Female	1957		The corpse was found in a wooden coffin. [71]
Possendorf body		Thuringia	Undetermined	Undetermined	1959		[44]
Rendswühren Man		Schleswig-Holstein	50 CE	Male	1871		The Rendswühren Man was discovered in 1871, at the Heidmoor Fen, near Kiel in Germany. He was examined by autopsy, which at the time was the only way of examination. [47] Professor P.V. Glob wrote that Rendswühren Man was estimated to have been 40–50 years of age when he was battered to death, which left a triangular hole in his head. He was found naked, with a piece of leather on his left leg. A cape was found near him. After discovery, his corpse was smoked for preservation. [72] His skull had deteriorated, which required reconstruction. [73] Textile typologically the clothing found with the body has been dated into the Roman Iron Age of the 1st or 2nd century CE which has been confirmed by a carbon-14 dating of parts of the remains. [65]
Rieper Moor body		Lower Saxony	253–348 CE	Undetermined	1751		The bog body is no longer in existence; however, its clothing was successfully dated. [74]
Röst Girl		Schleswig-Holstein	200 BCE – 80 CE	Female	1926		The young girl was around three years old when she died with the initial cause of death unknown. The corpse was destroyed during the Second World War, which left only the cloak to scientifically date. [75]
Rübke body		Lower Saxony	Undetermined	Undetermined	1914		[47]
Schalkholz body		Schleswig-Holstein	Undetermined	Undetermined	1640		. [44] First recorded bog body discovery
Schwerinsdorf Man		Lower Saxony	Undetermined	Male	1961		[47]
Sedelsberger boy	Sedelsberger Dose Man	Lower Saxony	1040–1210 CE	Male	1939		The Sedelsberger Dose boy had been completely skeletonized. Prior to reexamination, the body was thought to be a woman from the age of 20–40 years old, but was later found to be a male under the age of sixteen. [1] [47]
Spelle bodies		Lower Saxony	Undetermined	Two males, two females	1921		[47]
Sudmentzhausen body		Lower Saxony	Undetermined	Undetermined	1881		[47]
Girl of the Uchter Moor	"Moora"	Lower Saxony	764–515 BCE	Female	2000		The girl's preserved hand was discovered five years after her skeleton. Her skull was reconstructed from clay and digitally to show how she may have appeared in life. She was around 17–19 when she was deposited in the bog. Examination shows that she had been malnourished, had a curved spine, and had two skull fractures that had healed. [76]
Uphuser Klümoor Woman I		Lower Saxony	27 BCE – 393 CE	Presumed Female	1759		The body wore a skirt and top holding bronze decorations, which were believed to be brooches, and without shoes. Her hair was plaited and a pot was found in her hand. In 1789, a similar find was discovered in the same bog. The Uphuser Klumoor Woman no longer remains. [77]
Uphuser Klümoor Woman II		Lower Saxony	Undetermined	Female	1789		[47]
Windeby I	Windeby Girl	Schleswig-Holstein	41–118 CE	Male	1952		One of the best preserved German bog bodies. Studies by Professor Heather Gill-Robinson show that the body was male. His reconstructed head is currently on display. [78]
Windeby II	Windeby Man	Schleswig-Holstein	380–185 BCE	Male	1952		Found soon after Windeby I. The bones were decalcified and the clothes he may have worn had dissolved from being in the peat for so long. He had been strangled with a hazel rod which was wrapped around his neck. [79]

Ireland

Name	Other names	Location	Age (carbon-14 dating)	Sex	Year discovered	Image	Description
Ballgudden Woman		Ulster	Undetermined	Female	1831		Examination showed that she had blond hair. Near her body, an infant of an undetermined sex was found. The remains of the baby were completely skeletonized. Both of these bog bodies no longer remain. [80] [81]
Ballygroll Child		County Londonderry	Undetermined	Undetermined	1835		The child was discovered completely inside of a coffin, which is very uncommon for bog bodies. However, the body was either reburied, over sampled, or destroyed. [80]
Baronstown West Man		County Kildare [82]	242–388 CE [83]	Male	1953		This bog body is currently on display at the National Museum of Ireland. Hazel or birch branches were found with the body. [84] A textile and leather cloak were found on the body. [82]
Camnish Woman		County Londonderry	Undetermined	Female	1834		This bog body no longer remains.
Cashel Man	Portlaoise body	County Laois	2000 BCE [9] [85]	Male	2011		Because the body was in a crouched position, the body was believed to have dated from the Bronze Age. Radiocarbon dating supported this theory. [9] The body was later moved to the National Museum of Ireland for examination. [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] The man had a broken arm, along with having his back broken in two places and cut. [9] [82] His skull and left arm were missing, being severed by the peat cutting machine, parts of them were later found. [91] Examination showed he was around 20–25 when he died. [9] A 2014 documentary suggested he may have been a former king. [9]
Clonycavan Man		County Meath	392–201 BCE	Male	2003		Clonycavan Man was discovered three months before Old Croghan Man and was found in the same bog. Nothing remains below the waist of the man, either due to the turf cutting machine or when he had been brutally murdered. The body is famous for having a primitive form of gel found in his hair, which may have been imported from western Europe. [9] Like Cashel Man and Old Croughan Man, he was possibly once a king. His nipples and other body parts that consist of fragile tissue were missing, which could be from natural decomposition, or possibly mutilation; this has also led to at least one novel theory around the meanings of nipples. [92]
Clonshannagh Woman		County Dublin	645–680 CE	Female	2005		This bog body was found to be completely skeletonized. The body and its clothing had been partially dismembered by the peat cutting tools that had unearthed it. [93]
Derrycashel Woman [82]		County Roscommon	1431–1291 BCE	Female	2005		The nearly skeletonized and complete remains of a young woman were unearthed. [93] It is believed that the cause of her death was not ritual sacrifice and that she was buried formally. [82]
Derrymaquirk Woman		County Roscommon	750–200 BCE	Female	1959		The skeletonized woman was found lying on her back with bone fragments from an infant near her body. Examination showed that the age of the woman at the time of death was approximately 25. Pieces of wood and animal bones were also found in the grave. [94] It is thought that she had not been sacrificed but buried formally. [82]
Derryvarroge Man		County Kildare	228–343 CE	Male	2006		The only parts of the man that remain preserved were the buttocks and leg of the body. [82] [93]
Drumkeeragh body		County Down	Undetermined	Presumed Female	1780		The remains, consisting of a skeleton, clothing, and some hair, was found by near Drumkeeragh Mountain by surveyors. A braided lock of hair from the body was given to Elizabeth Rawdon (or Lady Moira) in 1781, who soon found interest in the body and eventually published an article about the find in the Journal of Archaeologia . To this day, only the lock of hair and some cloth fragments remain. [95]
Gallagh Man		County Galway	400–200 BCE	Male	1821		The Gallagh Man was discovered lying on his side 275 cm (9 feet) below the surface of an Irish bog in 1821. A willow rod was found wrapped around his neck which was most likely used to strangle him. A cape was found around one of his lower legs. [82] The body was pinned to the bottom of the bog by two wooden pegs likely to keep it from surfacing. Analysis concluded that he was a young man at the approximate age of 25. [96] The body is on display in the National Museum of Ireland. [97]
Kinakinelly Man		County Galway	200–100 BCE	Male	1952		The man was found buried with bones of red deer. [82]
Meenybradden Woman		County Donegal	1050–1410 CE	Female	1978		The woman was believed to be around 25–30 years old at her time of death. The Meenybradden woman's cloak has brought in a bit of controversy. The 14 C-date for her body is around 300 years older than the cloak that her remains were wrapped in. [98] Her cloak is of a style dated to the 16th–17th century, [98] but 14C-dating has not been performed on the garment. Her body was buried about one meter deep in the bog. She was examined by John Harbison. [99]
Mulkeeragh Man		County Cork	Undetermined	Male	1753		This bog body was found wearing a military uniform and a cloak. The body was later reburied.
Old Croghan Man	Croghan Man	County Offaly	362–175 BCE	Male	2003		The Old Croughan Man was found in the same year as Clonycavan Man. Only the torso was discovered, lacking a head and abdomen. He was believed to have been 198 cm (6'6'') tall, and to have been a wealthy individual, since his hands lacked evidence of any hard labour. [9] Examination revealed that both Old Croughan Man and Clonycavan Man were in their twenties when they were killed and were of a high rank. Like Clonycavan Man, his nipples were also cut. [9] [100]
Stoneyisland Man	Stony Island Man	County Galway	3320–3220 BCE	Male	1929		The skeletonized body was found by peat diggers and was originally believed to be the remains of a missing man. After examination the body was found to be over 5,000 years older. The cause of the man's death was probably drowning. He is known to be Ireland's oldest bog body. [101]

Netherlands

Name	Other names	Location	Age (carbon-14 dating)	Sex	Year discovered	Image	Description
Aschbroeken Man		Drenthe	900 BCE	Male	1931		The Aschbroeken Man's skull was lost soon after being unearthed. The remains consist of a skeleton, with an arm which healed abnormally. This may be the reason for his death, some other bog bodies from the Netherlands appear to have been killed for physical deformities. [102]
Emmer-Erfscheidenveen Man		Drenthe	1200 BCE	Male	1938		The Emmer-Erfscheidenveen Man was a bog body recovered in Drenthe, Netherlands in 1938. The remains of the body itself were dated to approximately 1200 BCE, were poorly preserved. [103] although the body remains famous for the extent of preserved clothing which included a wool cap, deer skin shoes, a cow hide cape, and woolen undergarments. [104] [105] Very little remains of this bog body; however, the clothing is exceptionally preserved.
Exloërmond Man		Drenthe	365–150 BCE	Male	1914		The naked body of the Exloërmond Man was discovered on 15 May 1914 under 58 cm (1.9 feet) of the peat. There were no items found near the body at the location of discovery. Most of the right arm and left foot did not survive the 2000-some years in the bog. The front of the remains were not as well preserved as the back, which caused it to be hard to tell which sex the corpse was. After examination, remains of beard stubble was found on his face, which showed the body to be male. The reason and cause of his death are unknown. [106]
Kibbelgaarn body		Drenthe	–	Male	1791		The body was discovered in the Bourtanger Moor, as well as the Neu-Versen Man and the Weerdinge Men. The skeletal remains were ground and used for mummia, which was a substance used for medicine in earlier times. No remains have survived today.
Weerdinge Men	Nieuw-Weerdinge Men, "Weerdinge Couple"	Drenthe	160 BCE – 220 CE	Male	1904		Two naked bog bodies were unearthed in the Bourtanger Moor. One of the two men is known to have had a large wound on his abdomen, with his intestines exposed. The two corpses were known as Weerdinge Couple and "Mr. & Mrs. Veenstra", because they were originally thought to be a man and a woman. [107]
Wijster bodies	"Wijster Four"	Drenthe	1435–1625 CE	Male	1901		Four males were found. Examination showed that all four men had died before reaching the age of 25, one of whom was around 16 years old. They were found with clothing and other artifacts, such as coins. Only a partial skull fragment and one hand remain out of all four people. [102]
Yde Girl		Drenthe	54 BCE – 128 CE	Female	1897		The girl was around 16 years old when she died. She is famous for being only 140 cm (4 feet 7 inches) tall when she was alive as well as having a curvature in her spine, which was caused by scoliosis. Her face was reconstructed in 1992 by forensic facial reconstruction artist Richard Neave. [108]
Zweeloo Woman		Drenthe	500 CE	Female	1951		The body consists of the bones, internal organs and skin. [109] The woman had been placed into a large pit in the bog. She had lived with dyschondrosteosis, causing short forearms and legs. Other signs of sickness found were round worms and whipworm, although the cause of death is unknown. It is thought that she was around 35 years old when she died. [110]

Poland

Name	Location	Age (carbon-14 dating)	Sex	Year discovered	Image	Description
Dąbrówka body	Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship	Undetermined	Undetermined	1936
Dröbnitz Girl  [ de ]	Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship	650 BCE	Female	1939		Examination of the intestines and stomach contents showed that before her death the girl had eaten foods such as gruel and several types of vegetables. Further pollen analysis indicated that she had died during the spring months. A cloak and wooden comb were found with the body. Her body, as well as her grave goods, no longer remain due to their destruction during World War II. [94] [111]
Karwinden Man	Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship	Undetermined	Male	1943		[44]

Sweden

Name	Other names	Location	Age (carbon-14 dating)	Sex	Year discovered	Image	Description
Bocksten Man	Bockstensmannen	Varberg, Hallands län	1290–1430 CE	Male	1936		Bocksten Man was violently beaten to death [112] at the approximate age of 25–60 years of age. The corpse is famous for having one of the most complete surviving set of garments from the 14th century. A theory suggests that the identity of the Bocksten Man have been the dean of the Diocese of Linköping. [113]
Luttra Woman	"Hallonflickan" Raspberry Girl	Västra Götalands län	3105–2935 BCE	Female	1943		Because there were very many raspberry seeds found around the stomach area, the body was dubbed "Hallonflickan" (meaning "Raspberry Girl" in English). She was 20–25 years old when she had died. The cause of her death remains a mystery; however, a flint arrowhead was found near to where the body was discovered three years before. She was probably buried in open water, due to the evidence of aquatic snails. The soft tissues of the body had not survived, resulting in skeletonization. [114] [115]

Great Britain

Name	Other names	Location	Age (carbon-14 dating)	Sex	Year discovered	Image	Description
Amcotts Moor Woman		Lincolnshire, England	200–400 CE	Female	1747		The Amcotts Moor Woman was discovered when the discoverer had dug six feet into the bog, his shovel struck a shoe. The man began to uncover a human foot, and he fled the scene. The body was later completely uncovered by George Stovin, who was a doctor, and his assistants. [116] Most of the foot had gone through skeletonization; however, the heel had been preserved. Some skin of the lower body and arms were unearthed, along with hair and fingernails. Today, only her left shoe has survived. [117] [118]
Grewelthorphe remains		Yorkshire, England	Undetermined	Undetermined	1850		This bog body was described to have been wearing brightly coloured clothing when it was unearthed. The body was then taken to a church graveyard and was buried. However, fragments of the shoes had been removed from the corpse by a police man and are all that remain of the body. [80]
Gunnister Man		Gunnister, Scotland	18th century	Male	1951		This bog body was found accompanied by a complete set of garments, containing the earliest examples of knitted fabric in Shetland. The remains are held at National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. [119]
Lindow Woman	Lindow I	Cheshire, England	250 CE	Female	1983		The skull fragment was originally thought to be the deceased wife of Peter Reyn-Bardt, who confessed to her murder after the discovery. But after the skull was dated, it was proven to be much older than Mrs. Reyn-Bardt. Peter Reyn-Bardt was convicted for his wife's murder anyway.[ citation needed ]
Lindow Man	Lindow II "Pete Marsh"	Cheshire, England	2 BCE-119 CE	Male	1984		Examination revealed that the man was in his mid twenties. His official name is Lindow II, though he was nicknamed "Pete Marsh" by journalists. The man's injuries were a blunt force trauma wound to the head which left a small hole, a stab wound to the chest as well as a possible stab to his neck. There was also a cord found around his neck, thought to be a garrote or a necklace. [120] The skull was reconstructed by Richard Neave, who is also known for his work on Yde Girl. A theory states that the partial remains of Lindow IV found in 1988 are part of Lindow Man. [121] : 18
Lindow III		Cheshire, England	Early Iron Age	Male	1987		The body was severed into over seventy pieces by the turf cutting machine. [122] The tissue, however, was in good condition. [122]
Prestatyn Child		Clwyd, Wales	90 CE	Undetermined	1984		The corpse was believed to be that of an infant. Little is published about this find. [123]
Worsley Man		Manchester, England	131-251 CE	Male	1958		The Worsley man had been garroted and beheaded. He was around 26–45 years of age when he was killed, most likely by ritual sacrifice. The garrote was found still around the man's neck. [124]
Cladh Hallan Skeletons		South Uist, Scotland	1600–1120 BCE [125]	Males and Females	1988–2002		Remains of several prehistoric human skeletons are described in Pearson, Michael Parker; Sharples, Niall M.; Symonds, James (2004). South Uist: Archaeology and History of a Hebridean Island. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN   978-0-7524-2905-2. The image shows a diagram of a skeleton containing the bones of three different people. Some of the skeletons were compiled of six different people. [126]

Other locations

Name	Location	Age (carbon-14 dating)	Sex	Year discovered	Image	Description
Bleivik Man	Rogaland, Norway	6110–5890 BCE	Male	1952		The man was discovered by a farmer who had discovered a bone 70 centimeters deep inside of a drainage ditch. Examination revealed that the man was approximately 55–60 at the time of his death. The cause of the man's demise remains a mystery because of the few body parts that were found, which include the skull, teeth, one rib bone and two vertebra. [127] [128]
Windover Skeletons	Florida, United States	6000–5000 BCE	Males and females	1982		168 skeletons found in soft peat, ages range from infants to elderly. Some skeletons bore wounds that may have caused death. [129] [130] [131] DNA was extracted from preserved brain tissue. [132]
Little Salt Spring skeletons	Florida, United States	3200–4800 BCE	Males and females	Before 1979		Hundreds of skeletons were found in soft peat. Some of the skulls held preserved brain matter. [133]
Rabivere Woman	Rabivere, Estonia	~1667	Female	1936		The woman was discovered by peat diggers. Some clothes were well preserved and revealed that she was wearing two jackets, a woollen skirt and gloves. On her chest under her clothes was a brooch, near her hand was a coin dating to 1667. It is suspected she was a murder or hanging victim, due to wounds on her neck. [134]

See also

• Egtved Girl, a barrow body in a coffin preserved by a bog

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External links

• Archaeology Magazine- Bodies of the bog
• Mummytombs.com – Bog bodies
• Journal of Archaeological Science – Dating bog bodies by means of 14C-AMS