List of butterflies of India (Pieridae)

This is a list of the pierid butterflies of India . It forms part of the full List of butterflies of India.

The family Pieridae, or the whites and yellows are a family of butterflies of moderate or small size. The common names refer to the two predominant colours found on the wings of these butterflies along with markings in black.

Of the 1051 species of pierids occurring in the world, 81 species in 21 genera are found in India.

The common Jezebel (Delias eucharis), is a brightly coloured pierid found in South Asia.

Distinguishing features

• Outline of wings usually regular. Hindwings are never tailed.
• Forelegs are fully developed in both sexes.
• The hindwings are channelled at the abdomen to fit the abdomen.

Classification

Worldwide, family Pieridae has four subfamilies, of which the whites and the yellows are well represented in India.

• Pierinae or the whites
• Coliadinae or the yellows

Subfamily Pierinae, whites

Genus Aporia , blackveins

• Tibet blackvein, Aporia peloria Hewitson, 1853
• Himalayan blackvein, Aporia leucodice (Eversmann, 1843)
• Dusky blackvein, Aporia nabellica (Boisduval, 1836)
• Bhutan blackvein, Aporia harrietae (de Nicéville, 1892)
• Great blackvein, Aporia agathon (Gray, 1832)

Genus Baltia , dwarfs

• Shaw's dwarf, Baltia shawi (Bates, 1873)
• Butler's dwarf, Baltia butleri Alphéraky, 1889

Genus Pieris , whites

• Chumbi white, Pieris chumbiensis de Nicéville, 1897
• Green banded white, Pieris krueperi devta (de Nicéville, 1884)
• Greenvein white, Pieris napi Linnaeus, 1767
• Naga white, Pieris naganum Moore, 1884
• Kashmir white, Pieris deota (de Nicéville, 1884)
• Large cabbage-white, Pieris brassicae Linnaeus, 1758
• Indian cabbage white, Pieris canidia Linnaeus, 1758
• Small cabbage white, Pieris rapae Linnaeus, 1758

Genus Pontia , Bath whites

• Lesser Bath white, Pontia chloridice (Hübner, 1813)
• Lofty Bath white, Pontia callidice (Hübner, 1800)
• Eastern Bath white, Pontia edusa (Fabricius, 1777)

Genus Anaphaeis , pioneers

• Pioneer (caper white), Anaphaeis aurota Fabricius, 1793

Genus Cepora , gulls

• Common gull, Cepora nerissa Fabricius, 1775
• Lesser gull, Cepora nadina Lucas, 1852

Genus Ixias , Indian orange tips

• White orange tip, Ixias marianne Cramer, 1779
• Yellow orange tip, Ixias pyrene Linnaeus, 1764

Genus Delias , Jezebels

• Yellow Jezebel, Delias agostina Hewitson, 1852
• Common Jezebel, Delias eucharis Drury, 1773
• Painted Jezebel, Delias hyparete Linnaeus, 1758
• Hill Jezebel, Delias belladonna Fabricius, 1793
• Pale Jezebel, Delias sanaca (Moore, 1857)
• Dark Jezebel, Delias berinda (Moore, 1872)
• Redspot Jezebel, Delias descombesi Boisduval, 1836
• Redbase Jezebel, Delias pasithoe Linnaeus, ?
• Redbreast Jezebel, Delias acalis Godart, 1819

Genus Prioneris , sawtooths

• Spotted sawtooth, Prioneris thestylis Doubleday, 1842
• Painted sawtooth, Prioneris sita C. Felder, 1865
• Redspot sawtooth, Prioneris clemanthe Doubleday, 1846

Genus Appias , puffins and albatrosses

• Spot puffin, Appias lalage (Doubleday, 1842)
• Plain puffin, Appias indra Moore, 1857
• Western striped albatross, Appias libythea Fabricius, 1775
• Eastern striped albatross, Appias olferna Fabricius, 1775
• Chocolate albatross, Appias lyncida Cramer, 1777
• Common albatross, Appias albina Felder
• Lesser albatross, Appias wardii (Moore, 1884)
• Orange albatross, Appias nero galba (Wallace, 1867)
• Nicobar albatross, Appias panda chrysea Fruhstorfer, 1903

Genus Leptosia , Psyche

• Psyche, Leptosia nina Fabricius, 1793

Genus Euchloe , little whites

• Lemon white, Euchloe charlonia lucilla Butler, 1886
• Pearl white, Euchloe ausonia dephalis Hübner 1803

Genus Hebomoia , great orange tip

• Great orange-tip, Hebomoia glaucippe Linnaeus, 1758

Genus Colotis , Arabs

• Small salmon Arab, Colotis amata Fabricius, 1775
• Blue-spotted Arab, Colotis phisadia (Godart, 1819)
• White Arab, Colotis vestalis (Butler, 1876)
• Large salmon Arab, Colotis fausta (Olivier, 1804)
• Small orange-tip, Colotis etrida Boisduval, 1836
• Plain orange-tip, Colotis aurora (Cramer, 1780)
• Crimson-tip, Colotis danae (Fabricius, 1775)

Genus Pareronia , wanderers

• Pale wanderer, Pareronia avatar (Moore, 1858)
• Dark wanderer, Pareronia ceylanica (C. & R. Felder, 1865)
• Common wanderer, Pareronia valeria (Cramer, 1776)

Subfamily Coliadinae, yellows

Genus Catopsilia , emigrants

• Common emigrant, Catopsilia pomona Fabricius, 1775
• Mottled emigrant, Catopsilia pyranthe Latreille, 1758

Genus Gonepteryx , brimstones

• Common brimstone, Gonepteryx rhamni Latreille, 1758
• Lesser brimstone, Gonepteryx aspasia Ménétriés, 1859

Genus Dercas , sulphurs

• Tailed sulphur, Dercas verhuelli (Hoeven, 1839)
• Plain sulphur, Dercas lycorias (doubleDay, 1842)

Genus Eurema , grass yellows

• Small grass yellow, Eurema brigitta Cramer, 1780
• Spotless grass yellow, Eurema laeta Boisduval, 1836
• Scarce grass yellow, Eurema lacteola Distant, 1886
• One-spot grass yellow, Eurema andersonii Moore
• Common grass yellow, Eurema hecabe Linnaeus, 1758
• Three-spot grass yellow, Eurema blanda Boisduval, 1836
• Nilgiri grass yellow, Eurema nilgiriensis

Genus Gandaca , tree yellow

• Tree yellow, Gandaca harina (Horsfield, 1829)

Genus Colias , clouded yellows

• Lemon clouded yellow, Colias thrasibulus Fabricius, 1910
• Ladakh clouded yellow, Colias ladakensis C. Felder, 1865
• Everest clouded yellow, Colias berylla Fawcett, 1904
• Fawcett's clouded yellow, Colias nina Fawcett, 1904
• Pale clouded yellow, Colias hyale Linnaeus, 1758
• Fiery clouded yellow, Colias eogene C. Felder, 1865
• Orange clouded yellow, Colias stoliczkana Moore
• Dwarf clouded yellow, Colias dubia Elwes, 1906
• Dark clouded yellow, Colias croceus Geoffroy, 1785
• Nilgiri clouded yellow, Colias nilgiriensis

Life cycle

• Eggs - Tall, bottle-shaped eggs which are ribbed down the sides. They are generally white, eventually changing to yellow or orange, or, they may be blotched with red.
• Caterpillars - The caterpillars are cylindrical and smooth usually covered with hairy-ended tubercles. They are generally green and have pale longitudinal stripes. They are all generally similar and difficult to distinguish apart.
• Chrysalids - Angular with a pointed head which may be produced into a long snout. Supported by a tail hook and girth, some being suspended head upwards like the swallowtails and others being fastened horizontally to a leaf or other surface.

Food plants

The food plants vary considerably, however there is a general trend, in that the whites mostly use capers, (family Capparidaceae) while the yellows usually prefer members of the family Leguminosae, which consist of peas, clover, Cassia and others.

References

• Evans, W.H. (1932). The Identification of Indian Butterflies (2nd ed.). Mumbai, India: Bombay Natural History Society.
• Gay, Thomas; Kehimkar, Isaac David; Punetha, Jagdish Chandra (1992). Common Butterflies of India. Nature Guides. Bombay, India: World Wide Fund for Nature-India by Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0195631647.
• Haribal, Meena (1992). The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and Their Natural History. Gangtok, Sikkim, India: Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation.
• Kunte, Krushnamegh (2000). Butterflies of Peninsular India. India, A Lifescape. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press. ISBN   978-8173713545.
• Wynter-Blyth, Mark Alexander (1957). Butterflies of the Indian Region. Bombay, India: Bombay Natural History Society. ISBN   978-8170192329.

External links

• LepIndex, NHM, London
• Idaho Museum of Natural History
• A modern classification of the Pieridae at Butterfly Net International
• Indian Butterflies - Pieridae